<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medvis</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская визуализация</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Visualization</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1607-0763</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2408-9516</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RDS-Media Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24835/1607-0763-939</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medvis-939</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ГРУДНАЯ КЛЕТКА</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>THORAX</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Новая балльная шкала оценки риска установления хронической сердечной недостаточности с сохраненной фракцией выброса</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>New score scale for assessing the risk of establishing chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5752-0988</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жерко</surname><given-names>О. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zherko</surname><given-names>O. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жерко Ольга Михайловна – канд. мед. наук, доцент, заведующая кафедрой ультразвуковой диагностики</p><p>220013 Минск, ул. П. Бровки, 3, корпус 3Тел.: +375-17-290-00-96</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olga M. Zherko – Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics</p><p>3-3 P. Brovka str., 220013Phone: +375-17-290-00-96</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zherco@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9641-4846</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шкребнева</surname><given-names>Э. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shkrebneva</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шкребнева Элина Ивановна – заведующая отделением функциональной диагностики</p><p>220045 Минск, ул. Семашко, 8</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elina I. Shkrebneva – Head of the functional diagnostics department</p><p>8, Semashko str., 220045 Minsk</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elinyshka@yandex.by</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Белорусская медицинская академия последипломного образования</institution><country>Беларусь</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Belarusian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Минский научно-практический центр хирургии, трансплантологии и гематологии</institution><country>Беларусь</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Minsk Scientific and Practical Center for Surgery, Transplantology and Hematology</institution><country>Belarus</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>19</day><month>07</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>25</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>83</fpage><lpage>96</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Жерко О.М., Шкребнева Э.И., 2021</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Жерко О.М., Шкребнева Э.И.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zherko O.M., Shkrebneva E.I.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medvis.rdsmedia.ru/jour/article/view/939">https://medvis.rdsmedia.ru/jour/article/view/939</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования: разработать балльную шкалу оценки высокого риска установления хронической сердечной недостаточности с сохраненной фракцией выброса (ХСНсохрФВ), основанную на показателях эхокардиографии (ЭхоКГ).</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. В 2017–2018 гг. на базе УЗ “1-я городская клиническая больница” г. Минска выполнено клинико-инструментальное исследование 175 пациентов, из них 108 (61,7%) женщин и 67 (38,3%) мужчин в возрасте 69 [65; 78] лет. Для валидизации балльной шкалы оценки риска установления ХСНсохрФВ в 2019–2020 гг. в ГУ “Минский научно-практический центр хирургии, трансплантологии и гематологии” проведено воспроизводящее клинико-инструментальное исследование 129 пациентов, из них 55 (42,6%) мужчин и 74 (57,4%) женщины в возрасте 65 [58; 70] лет. Критерии включения: синусовый ритм, эссенциальная артериальная гипертензия, хроническая ишемическая болезнь сердца в формах атеросклеротической болезни сердца, перенесенного в прошлом инфаркта миокарда левого желудочка (ЛЖ), после которого прошло не менее полугода, необходимого для стабилизации структурно-функциональных показателей ЛЖ, ХСНсохрФВ, информированное согласие пациента. Критерии исключения: первичная митральная регургитация, митральный стеноз, пластика или протезирование митрального клапана, врожденные пороки сердца, острые и хронические заболевания почек, легких. ЭхоКГ выполнялась на ультразвуковых аппаратах Siemens Acuson S1000 (Германия) и Vivid E9 (GE Healthcare, США).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Разработанная балльная шкала оценки риска установления ХСНсохрФВ у пациента с синусовым ритмом, включающая критерии: диастолическая дисфункция ЛЖ II типа – 47 баллов, время замедления пика Е трансмитрального кровотока DTE ≤171 мс – 25 баллов, скорость раннего диастолического движения септальной части митрального фиброзного кольца е'septal ≤7 см/с – 25 баллов, индекс раннего диастолического наполнения ЛЖ Е/е'septal &gt;7,72 – 20 баллов, индекс конечно-систолического объема левого предсердия &gt;34,3 мл/м2 – 24 балла, обладает высокой диагностической надежностью (AUC 0,96, чувствительность (Ч) 96,6%, специфичность (С) 83,2%) и воспроизводимостью результатов на экзаменационной выборке пациентов (AUC 0,99, Ч 98,8%, С 98,0%). Суммарный балл &gt;45 указывает на высокий риск установления ХСНсохрФВ. При сумме баллов ≤45 рекомендуется выполнение 2D Speckle Tracking ЭхоКГ. Ведущими патофункциональными механизмами развития ХСНсохрФВ являются снижение глобальных систолических продольных деформаций GLSAVG &gt; −18,9% (Ч 94,9%, С 98,0%), GLS правого желудочка (ПЖ) &gt; −19,9% (Ч 76,5%, С 88,5%), механическая дисперсия миокарда с индексом механической дисперсии ЛЖ &gt;54,69 мс (Ч 70,7%, С 90,2%), ПЖ &gt;50,29 мс (Ч 78,1%, С 73,9%), диссинергия желудочков с глобальным постсистолическим индексом ЛЖ &gt;5,59% (Ч 82,6%, С 87,5%), ПЖ &gt;2,17% (Ч 84,5%, С 69,9%).</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Применение разработанной балльной шкалы позволит повысить эффективность ультразвуковой визуализации ХСНсохрФВ.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The aim of the study was to develop a score scale for assessing the high risk of establishing chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), based on echocardiography (EchoCG) evidence.</p><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. A clinical and instrumental study of 175 patients, of which 108 (61.7%) women and 67 (38.3%) men, aged 71 [64; 78] years was performed in the 1st City Clinical Hospital in Minsk in 2017–2018. In order to validate the score scale for assessing the risk of HFpEF establishment in 2019–2020 a reproductive clinical and instrumental study of 129 patients was performed at the Minsk Scientific and Practical Center for Surgery, Transplantology and Hematology, of which 55 (42.6%) were men and 74 (57.4%) women aged 65 [58; 70] years. Inclusion criteria: sinus rhythm, essential arterial hypertension, chronic coronary heart disease: atherosclerotic heart disease, past myocardial infarction of left ventricle (LV), after which at least six months have passed, necessary to stabilize the structural and functional parameters of the LV, HFpEF, informed consent of the patient. Exclusion criteria: primary mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis, mitral valve repair or prosthetics, congenital heart defects, acute and chronic diseases of the kidneys, lungs. EchoCG was performed on ultrasound machines Siemens Acuson S1000 (Germany) and Vivid E9 (GE Healthcare, USA).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The developed scale for assessing the risk of establishing HFpEF in a patient with sinus rhythm including the criteria: LV diastolic dysfunction type II – 47 points, deceleration time of peak E of the transmitral blood flow DTE ≤171 ms – 25 points, the speed of early diastolic movement of the septal part of the mitral fibrous ring e'septal ≤7 cm/s – 25 points, LV early diastolic filling index E/е'septal &gt;7.72 – 20 points, index of the end-systolic volume of the left atrium &gt;34.3 ml/m2 – 24 points, has high diagnostic reliability (AUC 0.96, sensitivity (S) 96.6%, specificity (Sp) 83.2%) and reproducibility of results in an examination cohort of patients (AUC 0.99, S 98.8%, Sp 98.0%). A total score &gt; 45 indicates a high probability of HFpEF. If the total score is ≤45, it is recommended to perform 2D Speckle Tracking EchoCG. The leading patho-functional mechanisms for the development of HFpEF are a decrease of LV global systolic longitudinal strain GLSAVG &gt; −18.9% (S 94.9%, Sp 98.0%), GLS of the right ventricle (RV) &gt; −19.9% (S 76.5%, Sp 88.5%), mechanical dispersion with LV mechanical dispersion index &gt; 54.69 ms (S 70.7%, Sp 90.2%), RV mechanical dispersion index &gt; 50.29 msec (S 78.1%, Sp 73.9%) and ventricular dyssynergy with LV global post systolic index &gt;5.59% (S 82.6%, Sp 87.5%), RV global post systolic index &gt; 2.17% (S 84.5%, Sp 69.9%).</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. The use of the developed scale will improve the efficiency of ultrasound imaging of HFpEF.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эхокардиография</kwd><kwd>2D Speckle Tracking эхокардиография</kwd><kwd>хроническая сердечная недостаточность с сохраненной фракцией выброса</kwd><kwd>балльная шкала</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>echocardiography</kwd><kwd>2D Speckle Tracking echocardiography</kwd><kwd>chronic heart failure with preserved ejection fraction</kwd><kwd>score scale</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pieske B., Tschöpe C., de Boer R.A., Fraser A.G., Anker S.D., Donal E., Edelmann F., Fu M., Guazzi M., Lam C.S.P., Lancellotti P., Melenovsky V., Morris D.A., Nagel E., Pieske-Kraigher E., Ponikowski P., Solomon S.D., Vasan R.S., Rutten F.H., Voors A.A., Ruschitzka F., Paulus W.J., Seferovic P., Filippatos G. How to diagnose heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the HFAPEFF diagnostic algorithm: a consensus recommendation from the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur. Heart J. 2019; 40 (40): 3297–3317. http://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz641.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pieske B., Tschöpe C., de Boer R.A., Fraser A.G., Anker S.D., Donal E., Edelmann F., Fu M., Guazzi M., Lam C.S.P., Lancellotti P., Melenovsky V., Morris D.A., Nagel E., Pieske-Kraigher E., Ponikowski P., Solomon S.D., Vasan R.S., Rutten F.H., Voors A.A., Ruschitzka F., Paulus W.J., Seferovic P., Filippatos G. How to diagnose heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the HFAPEFF diagnostic algorithm: a consensus recommendation from the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur. Heart J. 2019; 40 (40): 3297–3317. http://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz641.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ponikowski P., Voors A.A., Anker S.D., Bueno H., Cleland J.G.F., Coats A.J.S., Falk V., González-Juanatey J.R., Harjola V.P., Jankowska E.A., Jessup M., Linde C., Nihoyannopoulos P., Parissis J.T., Pieske B., Riley J.P., Rosano G.M.C., Ruilope L.M., Ruschitzka F., Rutten F.H., van der Meer P.; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur. Heart J. 2016; 37 (27): 21292200. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ponikowski P., Voors A.A., Anker S.D., Bueno H., Cleland J.G.F., Coats A.J.S., Falk V., González-Juanatey J.R., Harjola V.P., Jankowska E.A., Jessup M., Linde C., Nihoyannopoulos P., Parissis J.T., Pieske B., Riley J.P., Rosano G.M.C., Ruilope L.M., Ruschitzka F., Rutten F.H., van der Meer P.; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure. The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Developed with the special contribution of the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur. Heart J. 2016; 37 (27): 21292200. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehw128</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lourenço A.P., Leite-Moreira A.F., Balligand J.L., Bauersachs J., Dawson D., de Boer R.A., de Windt L.J., Falcão-Pires I., Fontes-Carvalho R., Franz S., Giacca M., Hilfiker-Kleiner D., Hirsch E., Maack C., Mayr M., Pieske B., Thum T., Tocchetti C.G., Brutsaert D.L., Heymans S. An integrative translational approach to study heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a position paper from the Working Group on Myocardial Function of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2018; 20 (2): 216–227. http://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1059</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lourenço A.P., Leite-Moreira A.F., Balligand J.L., Bauersachs J., Dawson D., de Boer R.A., de Windt L.J., Falcão-Pires I., Fontes-Carvalho R., Franz S., Giacca M., Hilfiker-Kleiner D., Hirsch E., Maack C., Mayr M., Pieske B., Thum T., Tocchetti C.G., Brutsaert D.L., Heymans S. An integrative translational approach to study heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a position paper from the Working Group on Myocardial Function of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur. J. Heart Fail. 2018; 20 (2): 216–227. http://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1059</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сердечная недостаточность / Под общей ред. Ю.П. Островского. Минск: Беларуская навука, 2016. 503 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heart failure. Ed. Yu.P. Ostrovsky. Minsk: Belaruskaya navuka, 2016. 503 р. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel A.R., Blair J.A. Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Have We Finally Found the Perfect Noninvasive Biomarker? Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2016; 9: e005905. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.116.005905</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patel A.R., Blair J.A. Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction Have We Finally Found the Perfect Noninvasive Biomarker? Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2016; 9: e005905. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.116.005905</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gupta D.K. Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: An Opportunity for Reflection. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2017; 6 (2): e005595. http://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005595</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gupta D.K. Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: An Opportunity for Reflection. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2017; 6 (2): e005595. http://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.005595</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tobushi T., Nakano M., Hosokawa K., Koga H., Yamada A. Improved Diastolic Function Is Associated With Higher Cardiac Output in Patients With Heart Failure Irrespective of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2017; 6: e003389. http://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.003389</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tobushi T., Nakano M., Hosokawa K., Koga H., Yamada A. Improved Diastolic Function Is Associated With Higher Cardiac Output in Patients With Heart Failure Irrespective of Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2017; 6: e003389. http://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.003389</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shah A.M., Claggett B., Sweitzer N.K., Shah S.J., Anand I.S., Liu L., Pitt B., Pfeffer M.A., Solomon S.D. Prognostic Importance of Impaired Systolic Function in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction and the Impact of Spironolactone. Circulation. 2015; 132: 402–414.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shah A.M., Claggett B., Sweitzer N.K., Shah S.J., Anand I.S., Liu L., Pitt B., Pfeffer M.A., Solomon S.D. Prognostic Importance of Impaired Systolic Function in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction and the Impact of Spironolactone. Circulation. 2015; 132: 402–414.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Garbi M., Edvardsen T., Bax J., Petersen S.E., McDonagh T., Filippatos G., Lancellotti P. EACVI appropriateness criteria for the use of cardiovascular imaging in heart failure derived from European National Imaging Societies voting. Eur. Heart J. – Cardiovasc. Imaging. 2016; 17: 711–721. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jew081</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Garbi M., Edvardsen T., Bax J., Petersen S.E., McDonagh T., Filippatos G., Lancellotti P. EACVI appropriateness criteria for the use of cardiovascular imaging in heart failure derived from European National Imaging Societies voting. Eur. Heart J. – Cardiovasc. Imaging. 2016; 17: 711–721. https://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jew081</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Douglas P.S., Carabello B.A., Lang R.M., Lopez L., Pellikka P.A., Picard M.H., Thomas J.D., Varghese P., Wang T.Y., Weissman N.J., Wilgus R. 2019 ACC/AHA/ASE Key Data Elements and Definitions for Transthoracic Echocardiography: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Data Standards (Writing Committee to Develop Clinical Data Standards for Transthoracic Echocardiography) and the American Society of Echocardiography. Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2019; 12: e000027. https://doi.org/10.1161/HCI.0000000000000027</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Douglas P.S., Carabello B.A., Lang R.M., Lopez L., Pellikka P.A., Picard M.H., Thomas J.D., Varghese P., Wang T.Y., Weissman N.J., Wilgus R. 2019 ACC/AHA/ASE Key Data Elements and Definitions for Transthoracic Echocardiography: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Data Standards (Writing Committee to Develop Clinical Data Standards for Transthoracic Echocardiography) and the American Society of Echocardiography. Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2019; 12: e000027. https://doi.org/10.1161/HCI.0000000000000027</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paulus W.J., Tschope C. A novel paradigm for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: comorbidities drive myocardial dysfunction and remodeling through coronary microvascular endothelial inflmmation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2013; 62: 263–271.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paulus W.J., Tschope C. A novel paradigm for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: comorbidities drive myocardial dysfunction and remodeling through coronary microvascular endothelial inflmmation. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2013; 62: 263–271.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жерко О.М. Клиническая трансторакальная эхокардиография. Минск: Альфакнига, 2016. 832 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zherko О.М. Clinical transthoracic echocardiography. Minsk: Al'fakniga, 2016. 832 р. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Otto C. The practice of clinical echocardiography. 5nd ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier, 2017. 965 р.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Otto C. The practice of clinical echocardiography. 5nd ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier, 2017. 965 р.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nagueh S.F., Smiseth O.A., Appleton C.P., Byrd B.F. 3rd, Dokainish H., Edvardsen T., Flachskampf F.A., Gillebert T.C., Klein A.L., Lancellotti P., Marino P., Oh J.K., Popescu B.A., Waggoner A.D. Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiography. 2016; 29: 277–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2016.01.011</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nagueh S.F., Smiseth O.A., Appleton C.P., Byrd B.F. 3rd, Dokainish H., Edvardsen T., Flachskampf F.A., Gillebert T.C., Klein A.L., Lancellotti P., Marino P., Oh J.K., Popescu B.A., Waggoner A.D. Recommendations for the Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function by Echocardiography: An Update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiography. 2016; 29: 277–314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2016.01.011</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galiè N., Humbert M., Vachiery J.L., Gibbs S., Lang I., Torbicki A., Simonneau G., Peacock A., Vonk Noordegraaf A., Beghetti M., Ghofrani A., Gomez Sanchez M.A., Hansmann G., Klepetko W., Lancellotti P., Matucci M., McDonagh T., Pierard L.., Trindade P.T., Zompatori M., Hoeper M.; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2015 ESC/ ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur. Heart J. 2016; 37: 67–119. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv317</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galiè N., Humbert M., Vachiery J.L., Gibbs S., Lang I., Torbicki A., Simonneau G., Peacock A., Vonk Noordegraaf A., Beghetti M., Ghofrani A., Gomez Sanchez M.A., Hansmann G., Klepetko W., Lancellotti P., Matucci M., McDonagh T., Pierard L.., Trindade P.T., Zompatori M., Hoeper M.; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2015 ESC/ ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension. The Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur. Heart J. 2016; 37: 67–119. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehv317</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Reddy Y.N.V., Carter R.E., Obokata M., Redfield M.M., Borlaug B.A. A simple, evidence-based approach to help guide diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Circulation. 2018; 138: 861–870. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034646</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Reddy Y.N.V., Carter R.E., Obokata M., Redfield M.M., Borlaug B.A. A simple, evidence-based approach to help guide diagnosis of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Circulation. 2018; 138: 861–870. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034646</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Flachskampf F.A., Biering-Sørensen T., Solomon S.D., Duvernoy O., Bjerner T., Smiseth O.A. Cardiac Imaging to Evaluate Left Ventricular Diastolic Function. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2015; 8 (9): 1071–1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.07.004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Flachskampf F.A., Biering-Sørensen T., Solomon S.D., Duvernoy O., Bjerner T., Smiseth O.A. Cardiac Imaging to Evaluate Left Ventricular Diastolic Function. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2015; 8 (9): 1071–1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmg.2015.07.004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kasner M., Westermann D., Lopez B., Gaub R., Escher F., Kühl U., Schultheiss H.P., Tschöpe C. Diastolic tissue Doppler indexes correlate with the degree of collagen expression and cross-linking in heart failure and normal ejection fraction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2011; 57: 977–985. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.10.024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kasner M., Westermann D., Lopez B., Gaub R., Escher F., Kühl U., Schultheiss H.P., Tschöpe C. Diastolic tissue Doppler indexes correlate with the degree of collagen expression and cross-linking in heart failure and normal ejection fraction. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2011; 57: 977–985. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2010.10.024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dokainish H., Nguyen J.S., Sengupta R., Pillai M., Alam M., Bobek J., Lakkis N. Do additional echocardiographic variables increase the accuracy of E/e’ for predicting left ventricular filing pressure in normal ejection fraction? An echocardiographic and invasive hemodynamic study. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2010; 23: 156–161. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2009.11.015</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dokainish H., Nguyen J.S., Sengupta R., Pillai M., Alam M., Bobek J., Lakkis N. Do additional echocardiographic variables increase the accuracy of E/e’ for predicting left ventricular filing pressure in normal ejection fraction? An echocardiographic and invasive hemodynamic study. J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr. 2010; 23: 156–161. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2009.11.015</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Collier P.A., Phelan D., Klein A.A. Test in Context: Myocardial Strain Measured by Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2017; 69: 10431056. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.12.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Collier P.A., Phelan D., Klein A.A. Test in Context: Myocardial Strain Measured by Speckle-Tracking Echocardiography. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2017; 69: 10431056. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2016.12.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vecera J., Penicka M., Eriksen M., Russell K., Bartunek J., Vanderheyden M., Smiseth O.A. Wasted septal work in left ventricular dyssynchrony: a novel principle to predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur. Heart J. – Cardiovasc. Imaging. 2016; 17: 624–632. http://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jew019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vecera J., Penicka M., Eriksen M., Russell K., Bartunek J., Vanderheyden M., Smiseth O.A. Wasted septal work in left ventricular dyssynchrony: a novel principle to predict response to cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur. Heart J. – Cardiovasc. Imaging. 2016; 17: 624–632. http://doi.org/10.1093/ehjci/jew019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Čelutkienė J., Plymen C.M., Flachskampf F.A., de Boer R.A., Grapsa J., Manka R., Anderson L., Garbi M., Barberis V., Filardi P.P., Gargiulo P., Zamorano J.L., Lainscak M., Seferovic P., Ruschitzka F., Rosano G.M.C., Nihoyannopoulos P. Innovative imaging methods in heart failure: a shifting paradigm in cardiac assessment. Position statement on behalf of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. EJHF. 2018; 20: 1615–1633. http://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1330</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Čelutkienė J., Plymen C.M., Flachskampf F.A., de Boer R.A., Grapsa J., Manka R., Anderson L., Garbi M., Barberis V., Filardi P.P., Gargiulo P., Zamorano J.L., Lainscak M., Seferovic P., Ruschitzka F., Rosano G.M.C., Nihoyannopoulos P. Innovative imaging methods in heart failure: a shifting paradigm in cardiac assessment. Position statement on behalf of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology. EJHF. 2018; 20: 1615–1633. http://doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.1330</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
