<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medvis</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская визуализация</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Visualization</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1607-0763</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2408-9516</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RDS-Media Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medvis-82</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>БРЮШНАЯ ПОЛОСТЬ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ABDOMEN</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ошибки диагностики рака желчного пузыря</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Mistakes in the Diagnosis of Gallbladder Cancer</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Данзанова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Юрьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Danzanova</surname><given-names>Tatiana Yurevna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">danzanova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Синюкова</surname><given-names>Галина Тимофеевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sinyukova</surname><given-names>Galina Timofeevna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Патютко</surname><given-names>Юрий Иванович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Patyutko</surname><given-names>Yury Ivanovich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лепэдату</surname><given-names>Павел Иванович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lepedatu</surname><given-names>Pavel Ivanovich</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Медведева</surname><given-names>Бэла Михайловна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Medvedeva</surname><given-names>Bela Mihajlovna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ “Российский онкологической научный центр им. Н.Н. Блохина” РАМН</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.N. Blokhin Russian Oncological Centre of Russian academy of medical sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2014</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>08</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>57</fpage><lpage>71</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Данзанова Т.Ю., Синюкова Г.Т., Патютко Ю.И., Лепэдату П.И., Медведева Б.М., 2014</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Данзанова Т.Ю., Синюкова Г.Т., Патютко Ю.И., Лепэдату П.И., Медведева Б.М.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Danzanova T.Y., Sinyukova G.T., Patyutko Y.I., Lepedatu P.I., Medvedeva B.M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medvis.rdsmedia.ru/jour/article/view/82">https://medvis.rdsmedia.ru/jour/article/view/82</self-uri><abstract><p>Цель исследования: определить причины ошибок диагностики рака желчного пузыря (РЖП). Материал и методы. Проанализированы результаты обследования и лечения 34 больных РЖП. Результаты. РЖП диагностирован у большинства больных (92,8%) при стадии Т4, распространение на печень имелось у 78,9%, метастазы в печени - у 32,1%, метастазы в лимфоузлах - у 39,2% больных. Чувствительность и специфичность в диагностике РЖП при УЗИ составили 73,7 и 16,7%, при РКТ - 64,3 и 33,3%, при МРТ - 69,2 и 0%, при СА 19-9 - 71,4 и 66,7%, при хирургической оценке - 94,1 и 50% соответственно. Отсутствие истинно отрицательных результатов при МРТ не позволило рассчитать специфичность. Низкая специфичность методов обусловлена большим числом ошибочных результатов - у 10 (29,4%) больных. Ложноположительные заключения связаны с выраженными воспалительными изменениями в желчном пузыре с перихолециститом и перигепатитом. Ложноотрицательные результаты связаны с быстрым распространением РЖП на печень, которое принимается за первичный рак печени с вовлечением желчного пузыря. Выводы. Диагностика РЖП является трудной задачей, даже при запущенных стадиях. Тем не менее требуется комплексная диагностика с применением УЗИ, РКТ МРТ, определением уровня СА 19-9 и выполнением пункционной биопсии.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Objective. To determine the causes of misdiagnosis of gallbladder cancer (GBC). Materials and Methods. The results of examination and treatment of 34 patients GBC. Results. GBC was diagnosed in the majority of patients (92,8%) with stage T4, had spread to the liver from 78.9%, the liver metastases in 32.1%, the metastases in the lymph nodes in 39.2%. Sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis GBC were 73.7% and 16.7% for ultrasound; 64.3% and 33.3% for X-ray CT; 69.2% and 0% for MRI; 71.4 % and 66.7% for CA -199; 94.1 % and 50% for the surgical evaluation. Lack of true positive MRI results are not possible to calculate the specificity. Low specificity of the methods due to the large number of false positives results - in (29.4%) patients. False positive results associated with inflammatory changes in the gallbladder and surrounding liver. False-negative results associated with the rapid spread of GBC on the liver, which is taken as primary liver cancer involving the gallbladder. Conclusion. Diagnosis GBC is a difficult task, even in advanced stages. Nevertheless, requires a comprehensive diagnosis using ultrasound, X-ray CT, MRI, determination of the level of CA 19-9 and biopsy</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак желчного пузыря</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd><kwd>новообразования желчного пузыря</kwd><kwd>gallbladder cancer</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd><kwd>neoplasms of the gallbladder</kwd><kwd>gall bladder polyps</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee T.Y., Ko S.F., Huang C.C. et al. Intraluminal versus infiltrating gallbladder carcinoma: clinical presentation, ultrasound and computed tomography. Wld J. Gastroenterol. 2009 7; 15 (45): 5662-5668.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee T.Y., Ko S.F., Huang C.C. et al. Intraluminal versus infiltrating gallbladder carcinoma: clinical presentation, ultrasound and computed tomography. Wld J. Gastroenterol. 2009 7; 15 (45): 5662-5668.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stinton L.M., Shaffer E.A. Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer. Gut Liver. 2012; 6 (2): 172-187.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stinton L.M., Shaffer E.A. Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: cholelithiasis and cancer. Gut Liver. 2012; 6 (2): 172-187.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu A.X., Hong T.S., Hezel A.F., Kooby D.A. Current management of gallbladder carcinoma. Oncologist. 2010; 15(2): 168-181.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu A.X., Hong T.S., Hezel A.F., Kooby D.A. Current management of gallbladder carcinoma. Oncologist. 2010; 15(2): 168-181.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lazcano-Ponce E.C., Miquel J.F., Munoz N. et al. Epidemiology and molecular pathology of gallbladder cancer. CA: Cancer J. Clin. 2001; 51 (6): 349-364.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazcano-Ponce E.C., Miquel J.F., Munoz N. et al. Epidemiology and molecular pathology of gallbladder cancer. CA: Cancer J. Clin. 2001; 51 (6): 349-364.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sheth S., Bedford A., Chopra S. Primary gallbladder cancer: recognition of risk factors and the role of prophylactic cholecystectomy. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2000; 95 (6): 1402-1410.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sheth S., Bedford A., Chopra S. Primary gallbladder cancer: recognition of risk factors and the role of prophylactic cholecystectomy. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2000; 95 (6): 1402-1410.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cha B.H., Hwang J.H., Lee S.H. et al. Pre-operative factors that can predict neoplastic polypoid lesions of the gallbladder. Wld J. Gastroenterol. 2011; 17: 2216-2222.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cha B.H., Hwang J.H., Lee S.H. et al. Pre-operative factors that can predict neoplastic polypoid lesions of the gallbladder. Wld J. Gastroenterol. 2011; 17: 2216-2222.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zielinski M.D., Atwell T.D., Davis P.W. et al. Comparison of surgically resected polypoid lesions of the gallbladder to their pre-operative ultrasound characteristics. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2009; 13: 19-25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zielinski M.D., Atwell T.D., Davis P.W. et al. Comparison of surgically resected polypoid lesions of the gallbladder to their pre-operative ultrasound characteristics. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2009; 13: 19-25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee K.F., Wong J., Li J.C., Lai P.B. Polypoid lesions of the gallbladder. Am. J. Surg. 2004; 188: 186-190.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee K.F., Wong J., Li J.C., Lai P.B. Polypoid lesions of the gallbladder. Am. J. Surg. 2004; 188: 186-190.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang H.L., Kong L., Hou L.L. et al. Analysis of risk factors for polypoid lesions of gallbladder among health examinees. Wld J. Gastroenterol. 2012; 18: 3015-3019.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang H.L., Kong L., Hou L.L. et al. Analysis of risk factors for polypoid lesions of gallbladder among health examinees. Wld J. Gastroenterol. 2012; 18: 3015-3019.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarkut P., Kilicturgay S., Ozer A. et al. Gallbladder polyps: factors affecting surgical decision. Wld J. Gastroenterol. 2013; 19 (28): 4526-430.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarkut P., Kilicturgay S., Ozer A. et al. Gallbladder polyps: factors affecting surgical decision. Wld J. Gastroenterol. 2013; 19 (28): 4526-430.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andren-Sandberg A. Diagnosis and management of gallbladder cancer. N. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2012; 4 (7): 293-299.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andren-Sandberg A. Diagnosis and management of gallbladder cancer. N. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2012; 4 (7): 293-299.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Данзанова Т.Ю., Синюкова Г.Т., Лепэдату П.И. Диагностика новообразований желчного пузыря. Вестник РОНЦ им. Н. Н. Блохина РАМН. 2013; 24 (3-4): 12-16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Данзанова Т.Ю., Синюкова Г.Т., Лепэдату П.И. Диагностика новообразований желчного пузыря. Вестник РОНЦ им. Н. Н. Блохина РАМН. 2013; 24 (3-4): 12-16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wanebo H.J., Vezeridis M.P. Carcinoma of the gallbladder. J. Surg. Oncol. 1993; 3: 134-139.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wanebo H.J., Vezeridis M.P. Carcinoma of the gallbladder. J. Surg. Oncol. 1993; 3: 134-139.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ogura Y., Mizumoto R., Isaji S. et al. Radical operations for carcinoma of the gallbladder: present status in Japan. Wld J. Surg. 1991; 15: 337-343.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ogura Y., Mizumoto R., Isaji S. et al. Radical operations for carcinoma of the gallbladder: present status in Japan. Wld J. Surg. 1991; 15: 337-343.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Singh S., Agarwal A.K. Gallbladder cancer: the role of laparoscopy and radical resection. Ann. Surg. 2009; 250 (3): 494-495.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Singh S., Agarwal A.K. Gallbladder cancer: the role of laparoscopy and radical resection. Ann. Surg. 2009; 250 (3): 494-495.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levy A.D., Murakata L.A., Rohrmann C.A. Jr. Gallbladder carcinoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2001; 21:295-314; questionnaire, 549-555.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levy A.D., Murakata L.A., Rohrmann C.A. Jr. Gallbladder carcinoma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2001; 21:295-314; questionnaire, 549-555.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diehl A.K. Gallstone size and the risk of gallbladder cancer. J.A.M.A. 1983; 250: 2323-2326.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diehl A.K. Gallstone size and the risk of gallbladder cancer. J.A.M.A. 1983; 250: 2323-2326.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Csendes A., Becerra M., Rojas J., Medina E. Number and size of stones in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic gallstones and gallbladder carcinoma: a prospective study of 592 cases. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2000; 4: 481-485.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Csendes A., Becerra M., Rojas J., Medina E. Number and size of stones in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic gallstones and gallbladder carcinoma: a prospective study of 592 cases. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2000; 4: 481-485.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Samad A. Gall bladder carcinoma in patients undergoing cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis. J. Pak. Med. Assoc. 2005; 55: 497-499.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samad A. Gall bladder carcinoma in patients undergoing cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis. J. Pak. Med. Assoc. 2005; 55: 497-499.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gore R.M., Shelhamer R.P. Biliary tract neoplasms: Diagnosis and staging. Cancer Imaging. 2007; 7: S15-S23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gore R.M., Shelhamer R.P. Biliary tract neoplasms: Diagnosis and staging. Cancer Imaging. 2007; 7: S15-S23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пугачева О.Г., Кармазановский Г.Г., Вишневский В.А. Лучевая диагностика рака желчного пузыря. Медицинская визуализация. 2008; 1: 33-45. Pugacheva O.G., Karmazanovskiy G.G., Vishnevskiy V.A. Radiation diagnosis of gallbladder cancer. Meditsinskaja vizualizatsija. 2008; 1: 33-45. (In Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Пугачева О.Г., Кармазановский Г.Г., Вишневский В.А. Лучевая диагностика рака желчного пузыря. Медицинская визуализация. 2008; 1: 33-45. Pugacheva O.G., Karmazanovskiy G.G., Vishnevskiy V.A. Radiation diagnosis of gallbladder cancer. Meditsinskaja vizualizatsija. 2008; 1: 33-45. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Furlan A., Ferris J.V., Hosseinzadeh K., Borhani A.A. Gallbladder carcinoma update: Multimodality imaging evaluation, staging, and treatment options. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2008; 191: 1440-1447.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Furlan A., Ferris J.V., Hosseinzadeh K., Borhani A.A. Gallbladder carcinoma update: Multimodality imaging evaluation, staging, and treatment options. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2008; 191: 1440-1447.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gore R.M., Yaghmai V., Newmark G.M. et al. Imaging benign and malignant disease of the gallbladder. Radiol. Clin. N. Am. 2002; 40: 1307-1023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gore R.M., Yaghmai V., Newmark G.M. et al. Imaging benign and malignant disease of the gallbladder. Radiol. Clin. N. Am. 2002; 40: 1307-1023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jin W., Zhang C., He X. et al. Differences between images of large adenoma and protruding type of gallbladder carcinoma. Oncol. Lett. 2013; 5 (5): 1629-1632.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jin W., Zhang C., He X. et al. Differences between images of large adenoma and protruding type of gallbladder carcinoma. Oncol. Lett. 2013; 5 (5): 1629-1632.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yun E.J., Cho S.G., Park S. et al. Gallbladder carcinoma and chronic cholecystitis: differentiation with two-phase spiral CT Abdom. Imaging. 2004; 29: 102-108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yun E.J., Cho S.G., Park S. et al. Gallbladder carcinoma and chronic cholecystitis: differentiation with two-phase spiral CT Abdom. Imaging. 2004; 29: 102-108.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Inui K., Yoshino J., Miyoshi H. Diagnosis of gallbladder tumors. Intern. Med. 2011; 50 (11): 1133-1136.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Inui K., Yoshino J., Miyoshi H. Diagnosis of gallbladder tumors. Intern. Med. 2011; 50 (11): 1133-1136.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoshimitsu K., Nishihara Y., Okamoto D. et al. Magnetic resonance differentiation between T2 and T1 gallbladder carcinoma: significance of subserosal enhancement on the delayed phase dynamic study. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 2012; 30 (6): 854-859.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yoshimitsu K., Nishihara Y., Okamoto D. et al. Magnetic resonance differentiation between T2 and T1 gallbladder carcinoma: significance of subserosal enhancement on the delayed phase dynamic study. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 2012; 30 (6): 854-859.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee N.K., Kim S., Kim T.U. et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI for differentiation of benign from malignant lesions in the gallbladder. Clin. Radiol. 2014; 69 (2): e78-e85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee N.K., Kim S., Kim T.U. et al. Diffusion-weighted MRI for differentiation of benign from malignant lesions in the gallbladder. Clin. Radiol. 2014; 69 (2): e78-e85.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nishiyama Y., Yamamoto Y., Fukunaga K. et al. Dual-timepoint 18F-FDG PET for the evaluation of gallbladder carcinoma. J. Nucl. Med. 2006; 47: 633-638.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nishiyama Y., Yamamoto Y., Fukunaga K. et al. Dual-timepoint 18F-FDG PET for the evaluation of gallbladder carcinoma. J. Nucl. Med. 2006; 47: 633-638.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ramos-Font C., Gomez-Rio M., Rodriguez-Fernandez A. et al. Ability of FDG-PET/CT in the detection of gallbladder cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014; 109 (3): 218-224.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ramos-Font C., Gomez-Rio M., Rodriguez-Fernandez A. et al. Ability of FDG-PET/CT in the detection of gallbladder cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014; 109 (3): 218-224.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Park J.H., Park D.I., Cho Y.K. et al. Clinical usefulness of endoscopic ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of gallbladder wall thickening. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2012; 57 (2): 508-515.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Park J.H., Park D.I., Cho Y.K. et al. Clinical usefulness of endoscopic ultrasonography in the differential diagnosis of gallbladder wall thickening. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2012; 57 (2): 508-515.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang Y.F., Feng F.L., Zhao X.H. et al. Combined detection tumor markers for diagnosis and prognosis of gallbladder cancer. Wld J. Gastroenterol. 2014; 20 (14): 4085-4092.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang Y.F., Feng F.L., Zhao X.H. et al. Combined detection tumor markers for diagnosis and prognosis of gallbladder cancer. Wld J. Gastroenterol. 2014; 20 (14): 4085-4092.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iqbal M., Gondal K.M., Qureshi A.U., Tayyab M. Comparative study of ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology with open/laparoscopic biopsy for diagnosis of carcinoma gallbladder. J. Coll. Physicians. Surg. Pak. 2009; 19: 17-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iqbal M., Gondal K.M., Qureshi A.U., Tayyab M. Comparative study of ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration cytology with open/laparoscopic biopsy for diagnosis of carcinoma gallbladder. J. Coll. Physicians. Surg. Pak. 2009; 19: 17-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Giang T.H., Ngoc T.T., Hassell L.A. Carcinoma involving the gallbladder: a retrospective review of 23 cases - pitfalls in diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma. Diagn. Pathol. 2012; 7: 10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Giang T.H., Ngoc T.T., Hassell L.A. Carcinoma involving the gallbladder: a retrospective review of 23 cases - pitfalls in diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma. Diagn. Pathol. 2012; 7: 10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levy A.D., Murakat L.A., Abbott R.M., Rohrmann C.A. Benign tumors and tumorlike lesions of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts: radiologic-pathologic correlation. RadioGraphics. 2002; 22: 387-413.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levy A.D., Murakat L.A., Abbott R.M., Rohrmann C.A. Benign tumors and tumorlike lesions of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts: radiologic-pathologic correlation. RadioGraphics. 2002; 22: 387-413.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Breda Vriesman A.C., Engelbrecht M.R., Smithuis R.H., Puylaert J.B. Diffuse gallbladder wall thickening: differential diagnosis. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2007; 188 (2): 495-501.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van Breda Vriesman A.C., Engelbrecht M.R., Smithuis R.H., Puylaert J.B. Diffuse gallbladder wall thickening: differential diagnosis. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2007; 188 (2): 495-501.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alvi A.R., Jalbani I., Murtaza G., Hameed A. Outcomes of Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis in laparoscopic era: A retrospective Cohort study. J. Minim. Access. Surg. 2013; 9 (3): 109-115.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alvi A.R., Jalbani I., Murtaza G., Hameed A. Outcomes of Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis in laparoscopic era: A retrospective Cohort study. J. Minim. Access. Surg. 2013; 9 (3): 109-115.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liang J.L, Chen M.C., Huang H.Y. et al. Gallbladder carcinoma manifesting as acute cholecystitis: Clinical and computed tomographic features. Surgery. 2009; 146: 861-868.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liang J.L, Chen M.C., Huang H.Y. et al. Gallbladder carcinoma manifesting as acute cholecystitis: Clinical and computed tomographic features. Surgery. 2009; 146: 861-868.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anastasi B., Sutherland G.R. Biliary sludge-ultrasonic appearance simulating neoplasm. Br. J. Radiol. 1981; 54: 679-681.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anastasi B., Sutherland G.R. Biliary sludge-ultrasonic appearance simulating neoplasm. Br. J. Radiol. 1981; 54: 679-681.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu L.N., Xu H.X., Lu M.D. et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the diagnosis of gallbladder diseases: a multicenter experience. PLoS One. 2012; 7 (10): e48371.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu L.N., Xu H.X., Lu M.D. et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in the diagnosis of gallbladder diseases: a multicenter experience. PLoS One. 2012; 7 (10): e48371.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kondo S., Takada T., Miyazaki M. et al. Guidelines for the management of biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas: surgical treatment. J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Surg. 2008; 15 (1): 41-54.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kondo S., Takada T., Miyazaki M. et al. Guidelines for the management of biliary tract and ampullary carcinomas: surgical treatment. J. Hepatobiliary Pancreat. Surg. 2008; 15 (1): 41-54.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shukla P.J., Barreto S.G. Gallbladder cancer: we need to do better! Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2009; 16 (8): 2084-2085.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shukla P.J., Barreto S.G. Gallbladder cancer: we need to do better! Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2009; 16 (8): 2084-2085.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shih S.P., Schulick R.D., Cameron J.L. et al. Gallbladder cancer: the role of laparoscopy and radical resection. Ann. Surg. 2007; 245 (6): 893-901.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shih S.P., Schulick R.D., Cameron J.L. et al. Gallbladder cancer: the role of laparoscopy and radical resection. Ann. Surg. 2007; 245 (6): 893-901.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
