<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medvis</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская визуализация</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Visualization</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1607-0763</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2408-9516</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RDS-Media Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24835/1607-0763-2019-3-28-43</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medvis-792</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СРЕДОСТЕНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>МEDIASTINUM</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Магнитно-резонансная томография в диагностике рака пищевода (обзор литературы)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Magnetic-resonance imaging in diagnostics of esophageal cancer (literature review)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мутовкина</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mutovkina</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-рентгенолог отделения лучевой диагностики</p><p>197758, п. Песочный, Ленинградская область, Ленинградская ул., д. 68</p><p>Тел.: +7-921-888-53-07</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>radiologist at the Department of Radiology</p><p>197758 Russian Federation, Str. Petersburg, Pesochny, Leningradskaya str., 68</p><p>Phone: +7-921-888-53-07</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nebozvezd@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калинин</surname><given-names>П. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalinin</surname><given-names>P. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, научный сотрудник врач-рентгенолог отделения лучевой диагностики</p><p>197758, п. Песочный, Ленинградская область, Ленинградская ул., д. 68</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>cand. of med. sci., radiologist at the Department of Radiology</p><p>197758 Russian Federation, Str. Petersburg, Pesochny, Leningradskaya str., 68</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Данилов</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Danilov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>клинический ординатор отделения лучевой диагностики</p><p>197758, п. Песочный, Ленинградская область, Ленинградская ул., д. 68</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>resident at the Department of Radiology</p><p>197758 Russian Federation, Str. Petersburg, Pesochny, Leningradskaya str., 68</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мищенко</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mishchenko</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор мед. наук, заведующий научным отделением диагностической и интервенционной радиологии</p><p>197758, п. Песочный, Ленинградская область, Ленинградская ул., д. 68</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>doct. of med. sci., Head of the Department of Diagnostic and Interventional radiology</p><p>197758 Russian Federation, Str. Petersburg, Pesochny, Leningradskaya str., 68</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии имени Н.Н. Петрова</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>N.N. Petrov National Medical Research Center of Oncology</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>02</day><month>09</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>28</fpage><lpage>43</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мутовкина Н.И., Калинин П.С., Данилов В.В., Мищенко А.В., 2019</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мутовкина Н.И., Калинин П.С., Данилов В.В., Мищенко А.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mutovkina N.I., Kalinin P.S., Danilov V.V., Mishchenko A.V.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medvis.rdsmedia.ru/jour/article/view/792">https://medvis.rdsmedia.ru/jour/article/view/792</self-uri><abstract><p>Карцинома, или рак, пищевода до сих пор остается злокачественным заболеванием с неблагоприятным прогнозом, общая пятилетняя выживаемость при данном заболевании колеблется от 15 до 20%. Рак пищевода является восьмой по распространенности и шестой наиболее частой причиной смерти среди онкологических заболеваний. Основной задачей диагностики опухолей пищевода является оценка распространенности патологического процесса с целью определения наиболее оптимального вида лечебной помощи. В настоящее время эндоскопическая ультрасонография (ЭУС) считается методом выбора в определении Т-критерия первичной опухоли. Более того, в нескольких исследованиях было показано, что лучшие результаты в N-стадировании достигались с помощью ЭУС c тонкоигольной аспирационной биопсией. При этом МРТ пищевода считается технически сложной процедурой из-за трудностей при визуализации пищевода вследствие движения органов. Двигательные и потоковые артефакты, возникающие при сердцебиениях и пульсации аорты и сосудов легких, существенно снижают качество изображений. Тем не менее появление в последнее десятилетие некоторых технических новшеств может существенно снизить влияние артефактов движения на качество изображений. Например, влияние дыхательных движений может быть нивелировано с помощью предложенной последовательности r-VIBE (radial VIBE), при которой сканирование и сбор данных происходят при свободном дыхании пациента. Однако для получения качественных изображений пищевода и соответственно точного стадирования рака пищевода необходимо применение различных последовательностей; в протоколе сканирования обязательно должны присутствоватьТ2ВИ в нескольких проекциях и с высоким разрешением, ДВИ и Т1ВИ с динамическим контрастным усилением. Применение новых технологий сбора данных при МРТ позволило проводить исследование пищевода экспертного уровня и с большой точностью оценивать местную распространенность процесса. Также в последние годы был достигнут значимый прогресс при использовании МРТ для оценки N-стадии при раке пищевода. К сожалению, методологически не выработано единого подхода для использования последовательностей при МРТ пищевода, что существенно затрудняет проведение статистически достоверного метаанализа.Создание условий для эффективного лечения больных раком пищевода диктует необходимость в разработке предикторов эффективности неоадъювантной химиолучевой терапии (НХЛТ), которые позволили бы надежно определить вероятность и степень ответа опухоли на проводимое лечение до его начала, а также в создании достоверных критериев ответа опухоли в ранние сроки после проведения НХЛТ на основе объективных данных медицинской визуализации.Другой задачей является создание протокола сканирования с нивелированием артефактов, что позволит точно определять степень распространенности поражения. Кроме того, необходимо изучать возможности МРТ в стадировании опухолевого процесса, в сопоставлении с результатами, полученными при проведении ЭУС, КТ, ПЭТ-КТ в виде проспективного исследования с большой выборкой пациентов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Carcinoma of the esophagus continues to be a malignant disease with a poor prognosis; the overall five-year survival rate ranges from 15 to 20%. Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common and the sixth most common cause of death among oncological diseases. The main task of esophageal cancer diagnostics is to assess the extent of the pathological process in order to determine the most optimal type of medical care. Currently, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is considered to be the method of choice in determining the T-stage of the primary tumor. Moreover, several studies have shown the better results in N staging using EUS with TAB. At the same time, MRI of the esophagus is considered to be a technically challenging procedure because of difficulties in visualizing due to the motion artifacts. The motor and flow artifacts arising from the heartbeats and pulsations of the aorta and pulmonary vessels significantly reduce the quality of images. Nevertheless, the emergence in the last decade of some technical innovations can significantly reduce the impact of motion artifacts on image quality. For example, the effect of respiratory movements can be leveled using the proposed r-VIBE (radial VIBE) sequence, in which scanning and data collection occurs on the patient’s free breathing. However, in order to obtain high-quality images of the esophagus,(and make accurate staging of esophageal cancer, respectively) it is necessary to use different sequences; the scanning protocol must include T2-WI in several planes using high resolution sequences, DWI, and T1-WI with dynamic contrast enhancement. Application of new data collection technologies allowed to study esophagus on the expert level and to assess the local extent of the process accurately. Moreover, significant progress has been reached in assessing of N-stage in esophageal cancer with MRI in recent years. Unfortunately, a unified sequence protocol has not been developed yet and that makes it difficult to perform a statistical proper meta-analysis.Creating conditions for esophageal cancer treatment indicates development of response predictors to the neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT), which would reliably determine the tumor response rate and likelihood before starting treatment, as well as creating reliable response criteria in the early periods after nCRT based on objective medical imaging data.Another task is creatin of an artifact-decreasing sequence protocol, which would allow to determine theextent of the lesion accurately. In addition, it is necessary to study the possibilities of MRI in the tumor staging, in comparison with the results obtained with EUS, CT, PET-CT in the form of a prospective study with a large sample of patients. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак пищевода</kwd><kwd>лучевая диагностика</kwd><kwd>магнитно-резонансная томография</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>oesophageal cancer</kwd><kwd>radiology</kwd><kwd>magnetic&#13;
resonance imaging</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DeSantis C.E., Lin C.C., Mariotto A.B., Siegel R.L., Stein K.D., Kramer J.L., Alteri R., Robbins A.S., Jemal A. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics. CA. Cancer. J. Clin. 2014; 64: 252–257. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21235.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DeSantis C.E., Lin C.C., Mariotto A.B., Siegel R.L., Stein K.D., Kramer J.L., Alteri R., Robbins A.S., Jemal A. Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics. CA. Cancer. J. Clin. 2014; 64: 252–257. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21235.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rustgi A.K., El-Serag H.B. Esophageal carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014; 371: 2499–2509. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1314530.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rustgi A.K., El-Serag H.B. Esophageal carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 2014; 371: 2499–2509. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1314530.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arnold M., Soerjomataram I., Ferlay .J, Forman D. Global incidence of oesophageal cancer by histological subtype in 2012. Gut. 2015; 64: 381–387. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308124.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arnold M., Soerjomataram I., Ferlay .J, Forman D. Global incidence of oesophageal cancer by histological subtype in 2012. Gut. 2015; 64: 381–387. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2014-308124.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lepage C., Drouillard A., Jouve J., Faivre J. Epidemiology and risk factors for Oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Dig. Liver. Dis. 2013; 45: 625–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2012.12.020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lepage C., Drouillard A., Jouve J., Faivre J. Epidemiology and risk factors for Oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Dig. Liver. Dis. 2013; 45: 625–629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2012.12.020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferlay J., Soerjomataram I., Ervik M., Dikshit R., Eser S., Mathers C., Rebelo M., Parkin D.M., Forman D., Bray F. Globocan 2012 v1.1, Cancer Incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferlay J., Soerjomataram I., Ervik M., Dikshit R., Eser S., Mathers C., Rebelo M., Parkin D.M., Forman D., Bray F. Globocan 2012 v1.1, Cancer Incidence and mortality worldwide: IARC CancerBase No. 11.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hongo M., Nagasaki Y., Shoji T. Epidemiology of esophageal cancer: Orient to Occident. Effects of chronology, geography and ethnicity. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2009; 24: 729–735. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.05824.x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hongo M., Nagasaki Y., Shoji T. Epidemiology of esophageal cancer: Orient to Occident. Effects of chronology, geography and ethnicity. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2009; 24: 729–735. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.05824.x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Состояние онкологической помощи населению России в 2016 году; Под ред. А.Д. Каприна, В.В. Старинского, Г.В. Петровой. М.: МНИОИ им. П.А. Герцена – филиал ФГБУ “НМИРЦ” Минздрава России, 2017. 236 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kaprin A.D., Starinskij V.V., Petrov G.V. Malignant neoplasms in Russia in 2016 (morbidity and mortality). M.: MNIOI im. P.A. Gercena – filial FGBU “NMIRC” Minzdrava Rossii, 2017. 236 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quint L.E., Bogot N.R. Staging esophageal cancer. Cancer Imaging. 2008; 8 Spec No A: S33–S42. https://doi.org/10.1102/1470-7330.2008.9007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quint L.E., Bogot N.R. Staging esophageal cancer. Cancer Imaging. 2008; 8 Spec No A: S33–S42. https://doi.org/10.1102/1470-7330.2008.9007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kelly S., Harris K.M., Berry E., Hutton J., Roderick P., Cullingworth J., Gathercole L., Smith M.A. A systematic review of the staging performance of endoscopic ultrasound in gastrooesophageal carcinoma. Gut. 2001; 49: 534–539.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kelly S., Harris K.M., Berry E., Hutton J., Roderick P., Cullingworth J., Gathercole L., Smith M.A. A systematic review of the staging performance of endoscopic ultrasound in gastrooesophageal carcinoma. Gut. 2001; 49: 534–539.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wakelin S.J., Deans C., Crofts T.J., Allan P.L., Plevris J.N., Paterson-Brown S. A comparison of computerised tomography, laparoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic ultrasound in the preoperative staging of oesophagogastric carcinoma. Eur. J. Radiol. 2002; 41: 161–167.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wakelin S.J., Deans C., Crofts T.J., Allan P.L., Plevris J.N., Paterson-Brown S. A comparison of computerised tomography, laparoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic ultrasound in the preoperative staging of oesophagogastric carcinoma. Eur. J. Radiol. 2002; 41: 161–167.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rice T.W. Clinical staging of esophageal carcinoma. CT, EUS, and PET. Chest Surg. Clin. N. Am. 2000; 10: 471–485.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rice T.W. Clinical staging of esophageal carcinoma. CT, EUS, and PET. Chest Surg. Clin. N. Am. 2000; 10: 471–485.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wayman J., Chakraverty S., Griffin S.M., Doyle G.J., Keir M.J., SimpsonW. Evaluation of local invasion by oesophageal carcinoma – aprospective study of prone computed tomography scanning. Postgrad. Med. J. 2001; 77: 181–184.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wayman J., Chakraverty S., Griffin S.M., Doyle G.J., Keir M.J., SimpsonW. Evaluation of local invasion by oesophageal carcinoma–aprospective study of prone computed tomography scanning. Postgrad. Med. J. 2001; 77: 181–184.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Diederich S. Staging of oesophageal cancer. Cancer Imaging. 2007; 7 Spec No A: S63–S66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Diederich S. Staging of oesophageal cancer. Cancer Imaging. 2007; 7 Spec No A: S63–S66.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eloubeidi M.A., Wallace M.B., Reed C.E. Hadzijahic N., Lewin D.N., Van Velse A., Leveen M.B., Etemad B., Matsuda K., Patel R.S., Hawes R.H., Hoffman B.J. The utility of EUS and EUS-guided fine needle aspiration in detecting celiac lymph node metastasis in patients with esophageal cancer: a single-center experience. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2001; 54: 714–719.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eloubeidi M.A., Wallace M.B., Reed C.E. Hadzijahic N., Lewin D.N., Van Velse A., Leveen M.B., Etemad B., Matsuda K., Patel R.S., Hawes R.H., Hoffman B.J. The utility of EUS and EUS-guided fine needle aspiration in detecting celiac lymph node metastasis in patients with esophageal cancer: a single-center experience. Gastrointest. Endosc. 2001; 54: 714–719.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vazquez-Sequeiros E., Norton I.D., Clain J.E. Wang K.K., Affi A., Allen M., Deschamps C., Miller D., Salomao D., Wiersema M.J. Impact of EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration on lymph node staging in patients with esophageal carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001; 53: 751–757.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vazquez-Sequeiros E., Norton I.D., Clain J.E. Wang K.K., Affi A., Allen M., Deschamps C., Miller D., Salomao D., Wiersema M.J. Impact of EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration on lymph node staging in patients with esophageal carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc. 2001; 53: 751–757.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rasanen J.V., Sihvo E.I., Knuuti M.J., Minn H.R., Luostarinen M.E., Laippala P., Viljanen T., Salo J.A. Prospective analysis of accuracy of positron emission tomography, computed tomography, and endoscopic ultrasonography in staging of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and the esophagogastric junction. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2003; 10: 954–960.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rasanen J.V., Sihvo E.I., Knuuti M.J., Minn H.R., Luostarinen M.E., Laippala P., Viljanen T., Salo J.A. Prospective analysis of accuracy of positron emission tomography, computed tomography, and endoscopic ultrasonography in staging of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and the esophagogastric junction. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2003; 10: 954–960.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luketich J.D., Schauer P., Landreneau R., Nguyen N., Urso K., Ferson P., Keenan R., Kim R. Minimally invasive surgical staging is superior to endoscopic ultrasound in detecting lymph node metastases in esophageal cancer. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1997; 114: 817–821, discussion 821–823.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luketich J.D., Schauer P., Landreneau R., Nguyen N., Urso K., Ferson P., Keenan R., Kim R. Minimally invasive surgical staging is superior to endoscopic ultrasound in detecting lymph node metastases in esophageal cancer. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 1997; 114: 817–821, discussion 821–823.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Allum W.H., Blazeby J.M., Griffin S.M., Cunningham D., Jankowski J.A., Wong R. Guidelines for the management of oesophageal and gastric cancer. Gut. 2011; 60: 1449–1472. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2010.228254.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Allum W.H., Blazeby J.M., Griffin S.M., Cunningham D., Jankowski J.A., Wong R. Guidelines for the management of oesophageal and gastric cancer. Gut. 2011; 60: 1449–1472.  https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2010.228254.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wong R., Walker-Dilks C., Raifu A. Evidence-based guideline recommendations on the use of positron emission tomography imaging in oesophageal cancer. Clin. Oncol. 2012; n24: 86–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2011.09.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wong R., Walker-Dilks C., Raifu A. Evidence-based guideline recommendations on the use of positron emission tomography imaging in oesophageal cancer. Clin. Oncol. 2012; n24: 86–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2011.09.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wallace M.B., Nietert P.J., Earle C., Krasna MJ, Hawes RH, Hoffman BJ, Reed CE.. An analysis of multiple staging management strategies for carcinoma of the esophagus: computed tomography, endoscopic ultrasound, positron emission tomography, and thoracoscopy/laparoscopy. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2002; 74: 1026–1032.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wong R., Walker-Dilks C., Raifu A. Evidence-based guideline recommendations on the use of positron emission tomography imaging in oesophageal cancer. Clin. Oncol. 2012; n24: 86–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clon.2011.09.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Westreenen H.L., Heeren P.A., van Dullemen H.M., van der Jagt E.J., Jager P.L., Groen H., Plukker J.T. Positron emission tomography with F-18-fluoro deoxyglucose in a combined staging strategy of esophageal cancer prevents unnecessary surgicalexplorations. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2005; 9 (1): 54–61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wallace M.B., Nietert P.J., Earle C., Krasna MJ, Hawes RH, Hoffman BJ, Reed CE.. An analysis of multiple staging management strategies for carcinoma of the esophagus: computed tomography, endoscopic ultrasound, positron emission tomography, and thoracoscopy/laparoscopy. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2002; 74: 1026–1032.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Block K,, Chandarana H,, Milla S,, Bruno M,, Mulholland T., Fatterpekar G., Hagiwara M., Grimm G., Geppert C., Kiefer B., Sodickson D.K. Towards routine clinical use of radial stack-of-stars 3D gradient-echo sequencesfor reducing motion sensitivity. J. Korean Soc. Magn. Reson. Med. 2014; 18: 87–106. https://doi.org/10.13104/jksmrm.2014.18.2.87.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wallace M.B., Nietert P.J., Earle C., Krasna MJ, Hawes RH, Hoffman BJ, Reed CE.. An analysis of multiple staging management strategies for carcinoma of the esophagus: computed tomography, endoscopic ultrasound, positron emission tomography, and thoracoscopy/laparoscopy. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2002; 74: 1026–1032.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Azevedo R.M., de Campos R.O., Ramalho M. Herédia V., Dale B.M., Semelka R.C. Freebreathing 3D T1-weighted gradient-echo sequence with radial data sampling in abdominal MRI: preliminary observations. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2001; 197: 650–657.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van Westreenen H.L., Heeren P.A., van Dullemen H.M., van der Jagt E.J., Jager P.L., Groen H., Plukker J.T. Positron emission tomography with F-18-fluoro deoxyglucose in a combined staging strategy of esophageal cancer prevents unnecessary surgicalexplorations. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2005; 9 (1): 54–61.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chandarana H., Block K.T., Winfeld M.J., Lala S.V., Mazori D., Giuffrida E., Babb J.S., Milla S.S. Freebreathing contrast-enhanced T1-weighted gradient-echo imaging with radial k-space sampling for paediatric abdominopelvic MRI. 2014; Eur. Radiol. 24: 320–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-013-3026-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van Westreenen H.L., Heeren P.A., van Dullemen H.M., van der Jagt E.J., Jager P.L., Groen H., Plukker J.T. Positron emission tomography with F-18-fluoro deoxyglucose in a combined staging strategy of esophageal cancer prevents unnecessary surgicalexplorations. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2005; 9 (1): 54–61.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fujinaga Y., Ohya A., Tokoro H., Yamada A., Ueda K., Ueda H., Kitou Y., Adachi Y., Shiobara A., Tamaru N., Nickel M.D., Maruyama K., Kadoya M. Radial volumetric imagingbreath-hold examination (VIBE) with k-space weighted imagecontrast (KWIC) for dynamic gadoxetic acid (Gd-EOBDTPA)-enhanced MRI of the liver: advantages over CartesianVIBE in the arterial phase. Eur. Radiol. 2014; 24: 1290–1299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-014-3122-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Block K,, Chandarana H,, Milla S,, Bruno M,, Mulholland T., Fatterpekar G., Hagiwara M., Grimm G., Geppert C., Kiefer B., Sodickson D.K. Towards routine clinical use of radial stack-of-stars 3D gradient-echo sequencesfor reducing motion sensitivity. J. Korean Soc. Magn. Reson. Med. 2014; 18: 87–106. https://doi.org/10.13104/jksmrm.2014.18.2.87.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lever F.M., Lips I.M., Crijns S.P., Reerink O., van Lier A.L., Moerland M.A., van Vulpen M., Meijer G.J. Quantification of esophageal tumormotion on cine-magnetic resonance imaging. Int. J. Radiat. Onco.l Biol. Phys. 2014; 88: 419–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.10.036.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Block K,, Chandarana H,, Milla S,, Bruno M,, Mulholland T., Fatterpekar G., Hagiwara M., Grimm G., Geppert C., Kiefer B., Sodickson D.K. Towards routine clinical use of radial stack-of-stars 3D gradient-echo sequencesfor reducing motion sensitivity. J. Korean Soc. Magn. Reson. Med. 2014; 18: 87–106. https://doi.org/10.13104/jksmrm.2014.18.2.87.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riddell A.M., Allum W.H., Thompson J.N., Wotherspoon A.C., Richardson C., Brown G. The appearances of oesophageal carcinoma demonstrated on highresolution, T2-weighted MRI, with histopathological correlation. Eur. Radiol. 2007; 17: 391–399.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Azevedo R.M., de Campos R.O., Ramalho M. Herédia V., Dale B.M., Semelka R.C. Freebreathing 3D T1-weighted gradient-echo sequence with radial data sampling in abdominal MRI: preliminary observations. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2001; 197: 650–657.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yamada I., Miyasaka N., Hikishima K., Tokairin Y., Kawano T., Ito E., Kobayashi D., Eishi Y., Okano H. Ultrahigh-resolution MR imaging of esophageal carcinoma at ultra-high field strength (7.0 T) ex vivo: correlation with histopathologic finding. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 2015; 33 (4): 413–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2014.11.005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Azevedo R.M., de Campos R.O., Ramalho M. Herédia V., Dale B.M., Semelka R.C. Freebreathing 3D T1-weighted gradient-echo sequence with radial data sampling in abdominal MRI: preliminary observations. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2001; 197: 650–657.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Riddell A.M., Hillier J., Brown G., King D.M., Wotherspoon A.C., Thompson J.N., Cunningham D., Allum W.H.. Potential of Surface-Coil MRI for Staging of Esophageal Cancer. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2006; 187 (5): 1280–1287.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chandarana H., Block K.T., Winfeld M.J., Lala S.V., Mazori D., Giuffrida E., Babb J.S., Milla S.S. Freebreathing contrast-enhanced T1-weighted gradient-echo imaging with radial k-space sampling for paediatric abdominopelvic MRI. 2014; Eur. Radiol. 24: 320–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-013-3026-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Панфиленко А.Ф., Яковлев С.А., Поздняков А.В., Тютин Л.А., Щербук А.Ю. МРТ с динамическим контрастным усилением при опухолях головного мозга. Вопросы онкологии. 2013; 59 (1): 83–88.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chandarana H., Block K.T., Winfeld M.J., Lala S.V., Mazori D., Giuffrida E., Babb J.S., Milla S.S. Freebreathing contrast-enhanced T1-weighted gradient-echo imaging with radial k-space sampling for paediatric abdominopelvic MRI. 2014; Eur. Radiol. 24: 320–326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-013-3026-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chang E.Y., Li X., Jerosch-Herold M., Priest R.A., Enestvedt C.K., Xu J., Springer C.S. jr., Jobe B.A. The evaluation of esophageal adenocarcinoma usingdynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2008; 12: 166–175.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fujinaga Y., Ohya A., Tokoro H., Yamada A., Ueda K., Ueda H., Kitou Y., Adachi Y., Shiobara A., Tamaru N., Nickel M.D., Maruyama K., Kadoya M. Radial volumetric imagingbreath-hold examination (VIBE) with k-space weighted imagecontrast (KWIC) for dynamic gadoxetic acid (Gd-EOBDTPA)-enhanced MRI of the liver: advantages over CartesianVIBE in the arterial phase. Eur. Radiol. 2014; 24: 1290–1299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-014-3122-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lei J., Tian Y., Zhu S.-C., Han Q., Wei Y., Yang S.,. Shi D.-P 2015 Preliminary study of IVIM-DWI and DCE-MRI in early diagnosis of esophageal cancer. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmaco. l Sci. 2015; 19 (18): 3345–3350.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fujinaga Y., Ohya A., Tokoro H., Yamada A., Ueda K., Ueda H., Kitou Y., Adachi Y., Shiobara A., Tamaru N., Nickel M.D., Maruyama K., Kadoya M. Radial volumetric imagingbreath-hold examination (VIBE) with k-space weighted imagecontrast (KWIC) for dynamic gadoxetic acid (Gd-EOBDTPA)-enhanced MRI of the liver: advantages over CartesianVIBE in the arterial phase. Eur. Radiol. 2014; 24: 1290–1299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-014-3122-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koh D.M., Collins D.J. Diffusion-weighted MRI in the body: applications and challenges in oncology. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2007; 188: 1622–1635. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.06.1403.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lever F.M., Lips I.M., Crijns S.P., Reerink O., van Lier A.L., Moerland M.A., van Vulpen M., Meijer G.J. Quantification of esophageal tumormotion on cine-magnetic resonance imaging. Int. J. Radiat. Onco.l Biol. Phys. 2014; 88: 419–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.10.036.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takashima S., Takeuchi N., Shiozaki H., Kobayashi K., Morimoto S., Ikezoe J., Tomiyama N., Harada K., Shogen K., Kozuka T. Carcinoma of the esophagus: CT vs MR imaging in determining resectability. Am. J. Roentgenol. 1991; 156: 297–302.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lever F.M., Lips I.M., Crijns S.P., Reerink O., van Lier A.L., Moerland M.A., van Vulpen M., Meijer G.J. Quantification of esophageal tumormotion on cine-magnetic resonance imaging. Int. J. Radiat. Onco.l Biol. Phys. 2014; 88: 419–424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2013.10.036.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ajani J.A., Barthel J.S., Bentrem D.J. Besh S., Chao J., Das P., Denlinger C., Fanta P., Fuchs C.S., Gerdes H., Glasgow R.E., Hayman J.A., Hochwald S., Hofstetter W.L., Ilson D.H., Jaroszewski D., Jasperson K., Keswani R.N., Kleinberg L.R., Korn W.M., Leong S., Lockhart A.C., Mulcahy M.F., Orringer M.B., Posey J.A., Poultsides G.A., Sasson A.R., Scott W.J., Strong V.E., Varghese T.K. Jr., Washington M.K., Willett C.G., Wright C.D., Zelman D., McMillian N., Sundar H., National comprehensive cancer network. Esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancers. J. Natl. Compr. Cancer. Netw. 2011; 9: 830–887.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riddell A.M., Allum W.H., Thompson J.N., Wotherspoon A.C., Richardson C., Brown G. The appearances of oesophageal carcinoma demonstrated on highresolution, T2-weighted MRI, with histopathological correlation. Eur. Radiol. 2007; 17: 391–399.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nakashima A., Nakashima K., Seto H., Kakishita M., Sakamoto T., Yamada A., Fujimaki M. Thoracic esophageal carcinoma:evaluation in the sagittal section with magnetic resonance imaging. Abdom. Imaging. 1997; 22: 20–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riddell A.M., Allum W.H., Thompson J.N., Wotherspoon A.C., Richardson C., Brown G. The appearances of oesophageal carcinoma demonstrated on highresolution, T2-weighted MRI, with histopathological correlation. Eur. Radiol. 2007; 17: 391–399.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu L.F., Wang B.Z., Feng J.L., Cheng W.R., Liu G.R., Xu X.H., Zheng Z.C. Preoperative TN staging of esophageal cancer: comparison of miniprobe ultrasonography, spiral CT and MRI. Wld J. Gastroenterol. 2003; 9: 219–224.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamada I., Miyasaka N., Hikishima K., Tokairin Y., Kawano T., Ito E., Kobayashi D., Eishi Y., Okano H. Ultrahigh-resolution MR imaging of esophageal carcinoma at ultra-high field strength (7.0 T) ex vivo: correlation with histopathologic finding. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 2015; 33 (4): 413–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2014.11.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yamada I., Murata Y., Izumi Y., Kawano T., Endo M., Kuroiwa T., Shibuya H. Staging of esophageal carcinoma in vitro with 4.7-T MR imaging. Radiology. 1997; 204: 521–526.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamada I., Miyasaka N., Hikishima K., Tokairin Y., Kawano T., Ito E., Kobayashi D., Eishi Y., Okano H. Ultrahigh-resolution MR imaging of esophageal carcinoma at ultra-high field strength (7.0 T) ex vivo: correlation with histopathologic finding. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 2015; 33 (4): 413–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2014.11.005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yamada I., Izumi Y., Kawano T., Yoshino N., Tetsumura A., Kumagai J., Shibuya H. Esophageal carcinoma: evaluation with high-resolution three-dimensional constructive interference in steady state MR imaging in vitro. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 2006; 24: 1326–1332. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.20741.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riddell A.M., Hillier J., Brown G., King D.M., Wotherspoon A.C., Thompson J.N., Cunningham D., Allum W.H.. Potential of Surface-Coil MRI for Staging of Esophageal Cancer. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2006;  187 (5): 1280–1287.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sakurada A., Takahara T., Kwee T.C., Yamashita T., Nasu S., Horie T., Van Cauteren M., Imai Y. Diagnostic performance of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in esophageal cancer. Eur. Radiol. 2009; 19: 1461–1469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-008-1291-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Riddell A.M., Hillier J., Brown G., King D.M., Wotherspoon A.C., Thompson J.N., Cunningham D., Allum W.H.. Potential of Surface-Coil MRI for Staging of Esophageal Cancer. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2006;  187 (5): 1280–1287.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yamada I., Hikishima K., Miyasaka N., Kawano T., Tokairin Y., Ito E., Kobayashi D., Eishi Y., Okano H. Esophageal carcinoma: Ex vivo evaluation with diffusion tensor MR imaging and tractography at 7 T. Radiology. 2014; 272: 164 173. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.14132170.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panfilenko A.F., Yakovlev S.A., Pozdnyakov A.V., Tyutin L.A., Shcherbuk A.Yu. MRI with dynamic contrast enhancement in brain tumors. Problems of Oncology. 2013; 59 (1): 83–88. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petrillo R., Balzarini L., Bidoli P., Ceglia E., D'Ippolito G., Tess J.D., Musumeci R. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma:MRI evaluation of mediastinum. Gastrointest. Radiol. 1990; 15: 275–278.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panfilenko A.F., Yakovlev S.A., Pozdnyakov A.V., Tyutin L.A., Shcherbuk A.Yu. MRI with dynamic contrast enhancement in brain tumors. Problems of Oncology. 2013; 59 (1): 83–88. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Takashima S., Takeuchi N., Shiozaki H., Kobayashi K., Morimoto S., Ikezoe J., Tomiyama N., Harada K., Shogen K., Kozuka T. Carcinoma of the esophagus: CT vs MR imaging in determining resectability. Am. J. Roentgenol. 1991; 156: 297–302.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang E.Y., Li X., Jerosch-Herold M., Priest R.A., Enestvedt C.K., Xu J., Springer C.S. jr., Jobe B.A. The evaluation of esophageal adenocarcinoma usingdynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2008; 12: 166–175.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Qu J., Zhang H., Wang Z., Zhang F., Liu H., Ding Z., Li Y., Ma J., Zhang Z., Zhang S., Dong Y., Jiang L., Zhang W., Grimm R., Kiefer B., Kamel I.R., Qin J., Li H. 2017 Comparison between free-breathing radial VIBE on 3-T MRI and endoscopic ultrasound for preoperative T staging of resectable oesophageal cancer, with histopathological correlation. Eur. Radiol. 2018; 28 (2): 780–787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-017-4963-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chang E.Y., Li X., Jerosch-Herold M., Priest R.A., Enestvedt C.K., Xu J., Springer C.S. jr., Jobe B.A. The evaluation of esophageal adenocarcinoma usingdynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2008; 12: 166–175.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lerut T.E., de Leyn P., Coosemans W., Van Raemdonck D., Cuypers P., Van Cleynenbreughel B. Advanced esophageal carcinoma. Wld J. Surg. 1994; 18: 379–387.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lei J., Tian Y., Zhu S.-C., Han Q., Wei Y., Yang S.,. Shi D.-P 2015 Preliminary study of IVIM-DWI and DCE-MRI in early diagnosis of esophageal cancer. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmaco. l Sci. 2015; 19 (18): 3345–3350.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Waterman T.A., Hagen J.A., Peters J.H., DeMeester S.R., Taylor C.R., Demeester T.R. The prognostic importance of immunohistochemically detected node metastases in resected esophageal adenocarcinoma. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2004; 78: 1161–1169.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lei J., Tian Y., Zhu S.-C., Han Q., Wei Y., Yang S.,. Shi D.-P 2015 Preliminary study of IVIM-DWI and DCE-MRI in early diagnosis of esophageal cancer. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmaco. l Sci. 2015; 19 (18): 3345–3350.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kayani B., Zacharakis E., Ahmed K., Hanna G.B. Lymph node metastases and prognosis in oesophageal carcinoma – a systematic review. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 37: 747–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2011.06.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koh D.M., Collins D.J. Diffusion-weighted MRI in the body: applications and challenges in oncology. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2007; 188: 1622–1635. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.06.1403.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quint L.E., Glazer G.M., Orringer M.B. Esophageal imaging by MR and CT: study of normal anatomy and neoplasms. Radiology. 1985; 156: 727–731.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koh D.M., Collins D.J. Diffusion-weighted MRI in the body: applications and challenges in oncology. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2007; 188: 1622–1635. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.06.1403.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petrillo R., Balzarini L., Bidoli P. Ceglia E, D'Ippolito G, Tess JD, Musumeci R. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: MRI evaluation of mediastinum. Gastrointest. Radiol. 1990; 15: 275–278.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takashima S., Takeuchi N., Shiozaki H., Kobayashi K., Morimoto S., Ikezoe J., Tomiyama N., Harada K., Shogen K., Kozuka T. Carcinoma of the esophagus: CT vs MR imaging in determining resectability. Am. J. Roentgenol. 1991; 156: 297–302.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nishimura H., Tanigawa N., Hiramatsu M., Tatsumi Y., Matsuki M., Narabayashi I. Preoperative esophageal cancer staging: magnetic resonance imaging of lymph node with ferumoxtran-10, an ultrasmall superpara magnetic iron oxide. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2006; 202: 604–611.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takashima S., Takeuchi N., Shiozaki H., Kobayashi K., Morimoto S., Ikezoe J., Tomiyama N., Harada K., Shogen K., Kozuka T. Carcinoma of the esophagus: CT vs MR imaging in determining resectability. Am. J. Roentgenol. 1991; 156: 297–302.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mizowaki T., Nishimura Y., Shimada Y., Nakano Y., Imamura M., Konishi J., Hiraoka M. Optimal size criteria of malignant lymph nodes in the treatment planning of radiotherapy for esophageal cancer: evaluation by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1996; 36: 1091–1098.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ajani J.A., Barthel J.S., Bentrem D.J. Besh S., Chao J., Das P., Denlinger C., Fanta P., Fuchs C.S., Gerdes H., Glasgow R.E., Hayman J.A., Hochwald S., Hofstetter W.L., Ilson D.H., Jaroszewski D., Jasperson K., Keswani R.N., Kleinberg L.R., Korn W.M., Leong S., Lockhart A.C., Mulcahy M.F., Orringer M.B., Posey J.A., Poultsides G.A., Sasson A.R., Scott W.J., Strong V.E., Varghese T.K. Jr., Washington M.K., Willett C.G., Wright C.D., Zelman D., McMillian N., Sundar H., National comprehensive cancer network. Esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancers. J. Natl. Compr. Cancer. Netw. 2011; 9: 830–887.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alper F., Turkyilmaz A., Kurtcan S. Aydin Y., Onbas O., Acemoglu H., Eroglu A. Effectiveness of the STIR turbo spin-echo sequence MR imaging in evaluation oflymphadenopathy in esophageal cancer. J. Radiol. 2011; 80: 625–628.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ajani J.A., Barthel J.S., Bentrem D.J. Besh S., Chao J., Das P., Denlinger C., Fanta P., Fuchs C.S., Gerdes H., Glasgow R.E., Hayman J.A., Hochwald S., Hofstetter W.L., Ilson D.H., Jaroszewski D., Jasperson K., Keswani R.N., Kleinberg L.R., Korn W.M., Leong S., Lockhart A.C., Mulcahy M.F., Orringer M.B., Posey J.A., Poultsides G.A., Sasson A.R., Scott W.J., Strong V.E., Varghese T.K. Jr., Washington M.K., Willett C.G., Wright C.D., Zelman D., McMillian N., Sundar H., National comprehensive cancer network. Esophageal and esophagogastric junction cancers. J. Natl. Compr. Cancer. Netw. 2011; 9: 830–887.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Hagen P., Hulshof M.C.C.M., van Lanschot J.J., Steyerberg E.W., van Berge Henegouwen M.I., Wijnhoven B.P., Richel D.J., Nieuwenhuijzen G.A., Hospers G.A., Bonenkamp J.J., Cuesta M.A., Blaisse R.J., Busch O.R., ten Kate F.J., Creemers G.J., Punt C.J., Plukker J.T., Verheul H.M., Spillenaar Bilgen E.J., van Dekken H., van der Sangen M.J., Rozema T., Biermann K., Beukema J.C., Piet A.H., van Rij C.M., Reinders J.G., Tilanus H.W., van der Gaast A. CROSS Group. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012; 22: 2074–2084. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1112088.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nakashima A., Nakashima K., Seto H., Kakishita M., Sakamoto T., Yamada A., Fujimaki M. Thoracic esophageal carcinoma:evaluation in the sagittal section with magnetic resonance imaging. Abdom. Imaging. 1997; 22: 20–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Дворецкий С.Ю. Современная стратегия лечения рака пищевода. Вестник хирургии имени И.И. Грекова. 2016; 4: 102–107. https://doi.org/10.24884/0042-4625-2016-175-4-102-107.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nakashima A., Nakashima K., Seto H., Kakishita M., Sakamoto T., Yamada A., Fujimaki M. Thoracic esophageal carcinoma:evaluation in the sagittal section with magnetic resonance imaging. Abdom. Imaging. 1997; 22: 20–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mandard A.M., Dalibard F., Mandard J.C., Marnay J., Henry-Amar M., Petiot J.H., Roussel A., Jacob J.H., Segol P., Samama G., Ollivier J.M., Bonvalot S., Gignoux M. Pathologic assessment of tumor regression after preoperative chemoradiotherapy of esophageal carcinoma. Clinicopathologic correlations. Cancer. 1994. 11: 2680–2686.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu L.F., Wang B.Z., Feng J.L., Cheng W.R., Liu G.R., Xu X.H., Zheng Z.C. Preoperative TN staging of esophageal cancer: comparison of miniprobe ultrasonography, spiral CT and MRI. Wld J. Gastroenterol. 2003; 9: 219–224.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sendler A. Metabolic response evaluation by PET during neoadjuvant treatment for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2010; 182: 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70579-6_14</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu L.F., Wang B.Z., Feng J.L., Cheng W.R., Liu G.R., Xu X.H., Zheng Z.C. Preoperative TN staging of esophageal cancer: comparison of miniprobe ultrasonography, spiral CT and MRI. Wld J. Gastroenterol. 2003; 9: 219–224.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cunningham D., Allum W.H., Stenning S.P., Thompson J.N., Van de Velde C.J., Nicolson M., Scarffe J.H., Lofts F.J., Falk S.J., Iveson T.J., Smith D.B., Langley R.E., Verma M., Weeden S., Chua Y.J., MAGIC Trial Participants. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006; 355: 11–20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamada I., Murata Y., Izumi Y., Kawano T., Endo M., Kuroiwa T., Shibuya H. Staging of esophageal carcinoma in vitro with 4.7-T MR imaging. Radiology. 1997; 204: 521–526.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schandl A., Lagergren J., Johar A., Lagergren P. Healthrelated quality of life 10 years after oesophageal cancer surgery. Eur. J. Cancer. 2016; 69: 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2016.09.032.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamada I., Murata Y., Izumi Y., Kawano T., Endo M., Kuroiwa T., Shibuya H. Staging of esophageal carcinoma in vitro with 4.7-T MR imaging. Radiology. 1997; 204: 521–526.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayashida Y., Yakushiji T., Awai K., Katahira K., Nakayama Y., Shimomura O., Kitajima M., Hirai T., Yamashita Y., Mizuta H. Monitoring therapeutic responses of primary bone tumors by diffusion-weighted image: initial results. Eur. Radiol. 2006; 16: 2637–2643.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamada I., Izumi Y., Kawano T., Yoshino N., Tetsumura A., Kumagai J., Shibuya H. Esophageal carcinoma: evaluation with high-resolution three-dimensional constructive interference in steady state MR imaging in vitro. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 2006; 24: 1326–1332. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.20741.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galban C.J., Mukherji S.K., Chenevert T.L., Meyer C.R., Hamstra D.A., Bland P.H., Johnson T.D., Moffat B.A., Rehemtulla A., Eisbruch A., Ross B.D. A feasibility study of parametric response map analysis of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans of head and neck cancer patients for providing early detection of therapeutic efficacy. Transl. Oncol. 2009; 2: 184–190.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamada I., Izumi Y., Kawano T., Yoshino N., Tetsumura A., Kumagai J., Shibuya H. Esophageal carcinoma: evaluation with high-resolution three-dimensional constructive interference in steady state MR imaging in vitro. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 2006; 24: 1326–1332. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.20741.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun N.N., Liu C., Ge X.L. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for advanced esophageal cancer response assessment after concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Diagn. Interv. Radiol. 2018; 24: 195–202. https://doi.org/10.5152/dir.2018.17369.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sakurada A., Takahara T., Kwee T.C., Yamashita T., Nasu S., Horie T., Van Cauteren M., Imai Y. Diagnostic performance of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in esophageal cancer. Eur. Radiol. 2009; 19: 1461–1469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-008-1291-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patterson D.M., Padhani A.R., Collins D.J. Technology insight: water diffusion MRI – a potential new biomarker of response to cancer therapy. Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol. 2008; 4: 220–233. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncponc1073.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sakurada A., Takahara T., Kwee T.C., Yamashita T., Nasu S., Horie T., Van Cauteren M., Imai Y. Diagnostic performance of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in esophageal cancer. Eur. Radiol. 2009; 19: 1461–1469. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-008-1291-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aoyagi T., Shuto K., Okazumi S., Shimada H., Kazama T., Matsubara H. Apparent diffusion coefficient values measured by diffusion-weighted imaging predict chemoradiotherapeutic effect for advanced esophageal cancer. Dig. Surg. 2011; 4: 252–257. https://doi.org/10.1159/000328770.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamada I., Hikishima K., Miyasaka N., Kawano T., Tokairin Y., Ito E., Kobayashi D., Eishi Y., Okano H. Esophageal carcinoma: Ex vivo evaluation with diffusion tensor MR imaging and tractography at 7 T. Radiology. 2014; 272: 164 173. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.14132170.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Rossum P.S., van Lier A.L., van Vulpen M., Reerink O., Lagendijk J.J., Lin S.H., van Hillegersberg R., Ruurda J.P., Meijer G.J., Lips I.M. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for the prediction of pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in esophageal cancer. Radiother. Oncol. 2015; 2: 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2015.04.027.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yamada I., Hikishima K., Miyasaka N., Kawano T., Tokairin Y., Ito E., Kobayashi D., Eishi Y., Okano H. Esophageal carcinoma: Ex vivo evaluation with diffusion tensor MR imaging and tractography at 7 T. Radiology. 2014; 272: 164 173. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.14132170.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Cobelli F., Giganti F., Orsenigo E., Cellina M., Esposito A., Agostini G., Albarello L., Mazza E., Ambrosi A., Socci C., Staudacher C., Del Maschio A. Apparent diffusion coefficient modifications in assessing gastrooesophageal cancer response to neoadjuvant treatment: comparison with tumour regression grade at histology. Eur. Radiol. 2013; 8: 2165–2174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-013-2807-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrillo R., Balzarini L., Bidoli P., Ceglia E., D'Ippolito G., Tess J.D., Musumeci R. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma:MRI evaluation of mediastinum. Gastrointest. Radiol. 1990; 15: 275–278.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang L., Liu L., Han C., Liu S., Tian H., Li Z., Ren X., Shi G., Wang Q., Wang G. The diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) predicts the early response of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma to concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Radiother. Oncol. 2016; 2: 246–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2016.10.021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrillo R., Balzarini L., Bidoli P., Ceglia E., D'Ippolito G., Tess J.D., Musumeci R. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma:MRI evaluation of mediastinum. Gastrointest. Radiol. 1990; 15: 275–278.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel U.B., Taylor F., Blomqvist L., George C., Evans H., Tekkis P., Quirke P., Sebag-Montefiore D., Moran B., Heald R., Guthrie A., Bees N., Swift I., Pennert K., Brown G. Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Detected Tumor Response for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Predicts Survival Outcomes. MERCURY Experience. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011; 28: 3753–3760. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.34.9068.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takashima S., Takeuchi N., Shiozaki H., Kobayashi K., Morimoto S., Ikezoe J., Tomiyama N., Harada K., Shogen K., Kozuka T. Carcinoma of the esophagus: CT vs MR imaging in determining resectability. Am. J. Roentgenol. 1991; 156: 297–302.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel U.B., Brown G., Rutten H., West N., Sebag-Montefiore D., Glynne-Jones R., Rullier E., Peeters M., Van Cutsem E., Ricci S., Van de Velde C., Kjell P., Quirke P. Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Histo pathological Response to Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 9: 2842–2852. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-012-2309-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Takashima S., Takeuchi N., Shiozaki H., Kobayashi K., Morimoto S., Ikezoe J., Tomiyama N., Harada K., Shogen K., Kozuka T. Carcinoma of the esophagus: CT vs MR imaging in determining resectability. Am. J. Roentgenol. 1991; 156: 297–302.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koh D.M., Padhani A.R. Diffusion-weighted MRI: a new functional clinical technique for tumour imaging. Br. J. Radiol. 2006; 79: 633–635.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qu J., Zhang H., Wang Z., Zhang F., Liu H., Ding Z., Li Y., Ma J., Zhang Z., Zhang S., Dong Y., Jiang L., Zhang W., Grimm R., Kiefer B., Kamel I.R., Qin J., Li H. 2017 Comparison between free-breathing radial VIBE on 3-T MRI and endoscopic ultrasound for preoperative T staging of resectable oesophageal cancer, with histopathological correlation. Eur. Radiol. 2018; 28 (2): 780–787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-017-4963-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel U.B., Brown G. MRI-based assessment of tumor regression in rectal cancer. Curr. Colorectal Cancer Rep. 2013; 2: 136–145.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Qu J., Zhang H., Wang Z., Zhang F., Liu H., Ding Z., Li Y., Ma J., Zhang Z., Zhang S., Dong Y., Jiang L., Zhang W., Grimm R., Kiefer B., Kamel I.R., Qin J., Li H. 2017 Comparison between free-breathing radial VIBE on 3-T MRI and endoscopic ultrasound for preoperative T staging of resectable oesophageal cancer, with histopathological correlation. Eur. Radiol. 2018; 28 (2): 780–787. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-017-4963-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cobelli F.D., Giganti F., Orsenigo E. Apparent diffusion coefficient modifications in assessing gastro-oesophageal cancer response to neoadjuvant treatment: comparison with tumour regression grade at histology. Eur. Radiol. 2013; 23: 2165–2174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-013-2807-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lerut T.E., de Leyn P., Coosemans W., Van Raemdonck D., Cuypers P., Van Cleynenbreughel B. Advanced esophageal carcinoma. Wld J. Surg. 1994; 18: 379–387.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heethuis S.E., Goense L., van Rossum P.S.N. DW-MRI and DCE-MRI are of complementary value in predicting pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer. Acta Oncol. 2018; 57: 1201–1208. https://doi.org/10.1080/0284186X.2018.1473637.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lerut T.E., de Leyn P., Coosemans W., Van Raemdonck D., Cuypers P., Van Cleynenbreughel B. Advanced esophageal carcinoma. Wld J. Surg. 1994; 18: 379–387.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Waterman T.A., Hagen J.A., Peters J.H., DeMeester S.R., Taylor C.R., Demeester T.R. The prognostic importance of immunohistochemically detected node metastases in resected esophageal adenocarcinoma. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2004; 78: 1161–1169.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Waterman T.A., Hagen J.A., Peters J.H., DeMeester S.R., Taylor C.R., Demeester T.R. The prognostic importance of immunohistochemically detected node metastases in resected esophageal adenocarcinoma. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2004; 78: 1161–1169.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Waterman T.A., Hagen J.A., Peters J.H., DeMeester S.R., Taylor C.R., Demeester T.R. The prognostic importance of immunohistochemically detected node metastases in resected esophageal adenocarcinoma. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2004; 78: 1161–1169.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Waterman T.A., Hagen J.A., Peters J.H., DeMeester S.R., Taylor C.R., Demeester T.R. The prognostic importance of immunohistochemically detected node metastases in resected esophageal adenocarcinoma. Ann. Thorac. Surg. 2004; 78: 1161–1169.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kayani B., Zacharakis E., Ahmed K., Hanna G.B. Lymph node metastases and prognosis in oesophageal carcinoma – a systematic review. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 37: 747–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2011.06.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kayani B., Zacharakis E., Ahmed K., Hanna G.B. Lymph node metastases and prognosis in oesophageal carcinoma – a systematic review. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 37: 747–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2011.06.018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kayani B., Zacharakis E., Ahmed K., Hanna G.B. Lymph node metastases and prognosis in oesophageal carcinoma – a systematic review. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 37: 747–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2011.06.018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kayani B., Zacharakis E., Ahmed K., Hanna G.B. Lymph node metastases and prognosis in oesophageal carcinoma – a systematic review. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 2011; 37: 747–753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2011.06.018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quint L.E., Glazer G.M., Orringer M.B. Esophageal imaging by MR and CT: study of normal anatomy and neoplasms. Radiology. 1985; 156: 727–731.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quint L.E., Glazer G.M., Orringer M.B. Esophageal imaging by MR and CT: study of normal anatomy and neoplasms. Radiology. 1985; 156: 727–731.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Quint L.E., Glazer G.M., Orringer M.B. Esophageal imaging by MR and CT: study of normal anatomy and neoplasms. Radiology. 1985; 156: 727–731.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Quint L.E., Glazer G.M., Orringer M.B. Esophageal imaging by MR and CT: study of normal anatomy and neoplasms. Radiology. 1985; 156: 727–731.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petrillo R., Balzarini L., Bidoli P. Ceglia E, D'Ippolito G, Tess JD, Musumeci R. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: MRI evaluation of mediastinum. Gastrointest. Radiol. 1990; 15: 275–278.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrillo R., Balzarini L., Bidoli P. Ceglia E, D'Ippolito G, Tess JD, Musumeci R. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: MRI evaluation of mediastinum. Gastrointest. Radiol. 1990; 15: 275–278.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit80"><label>80</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petrillo R., Balzarini L., Bidoli P. Ceglia E, D'Ippolito G, Tess JD, Musumeci R. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: MRI evaluation of mediastinum. Gastrointest. Radiol. 1990; 15: 275–278.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petrillo R., Balzarini L., Bidoli P. Ceglia E, D'Ippolito G, Tess JD, Musumeci R. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: MRI evaluation of mediastinum. Gastrointest. Radiol. 1990; 15: 275–278.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit81"><label>81</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nishimura H., Tanigawa N., Hiramatsu M., Tatsumi Y., Matsuki M., Narabayashi I. Preoperative esophageal cancer staging: magnetic resonance imaging of lymph node with ferumoxtran-10, an ultrasmall superpara magnetic iron oxide. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2006; 202: 604–611.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nishimura H., Tanigawa N., Hiramatsu M., Tatsumi Y., Matsuki M., Narabayashi I. Preoperative esophageal cancer staging: magnetic resonance imaging of lymph node with ferumoxtran-10, an ultrasmall superpara magnetic iron oxide. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2006; 202: 604–611.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit82"><label>82</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nishimura H., Tanigawa N., Hiramatsu M., Tatsumi Y., Matsuki M., Narabayashi I. Preoperative esophageal cancer staging: magnetic resonance imaging of lymph node with ferumoxtran-10, an ultrasmall superpara magnetic iron oxide. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2006; 202: 604–611.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nishimura H., Tanigawa N., Hiramatsu M., Tatsumi Y., Matsuki M., Narabayashi I. Preoperative esophageal cancer staging: magnetic resonance imaging of lymph node with ferumoxtran-10, an ultrasmall superpara magnetic iron oxide. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 2006; 202: 604–611.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit83"><label>83</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mizowaki T., Nishimura Y., Shimada Y., Nakano Y., Imamura M., Konishi J., Hiraoka M. Optimal size criteria of malignant lymph nodes in the treatment planning of radiotherapy for esophageal cancer: evaluation by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1996; 36: 1091–1098.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mizowaki T., Nishimura Y., Shimada Y., Nakano Y., Imamura M., Konishi J., Hiraoka M. Optimal size criteria of malignant lymph nodes in the treatment planning of radiotherapy for esophageal cancer: evaluation by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1996; 36: 1091–1098.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit84"><label>84</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mizowaki T., Nishimura Y., Shimada Y., Nakano Y., Imamura M., Konishi J., Hiraoka M. Optimal size criteria of malignant lymph nodes in the treatment planning of radiotherapy for esophageal cancer: evaluation by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1996; 36: 1091–1098.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mizowaki T., Nishimura Y., Shimada Y., Nakano Y., Imamura M., Konishi J., Hiraoka M. Optimal size criteria of malignant lymph nodes in the treatment planning of radiotherapy for esophageal cancer: evaluation by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 1996; 36: 1091–1098.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit85"><label>85</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alper F., Turkyilmaz A., Kurtcan S. Aydin Y., Onbas O., Acemoglu H., Eroglu A. Effectiveness of the STIR turbo spin-echo sequence MR imaging in evaluation oflymphadenopathy in esophageal cancer. J. Radiol. 2011; 80: 625–628.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alper F., Turkyilmaz A., Kurtcan S. Aydin Y., Onbas O., Acemoglu H., Eroglu A. Effectiveness of the STIR turbo spin-echo sequence MR imaging in evaluation oflymphadenopathy in esophageal cancer. J. Radiol. 2011; 80: 625–628.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit86"><label>86</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alper F., Turkyilmaz A., Kurtcan S. Aydin Y., Onbas O., Acemoglu H., Eroglu A. Effectiveness of the STIR turbo spin-echo sequence MR imaging in evaluation oflymphadenopathy in esophageal cancer. J. Radiol. 2011; 80: 625–628.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alper F., Turkyilmaz A., Kurtcan S. Aydin Y., Onbas O., Acemoglu H., Eroglu A. Effectiveness of the STIR turbo spin-echo sequence MR imaging in evaluation oflymphadenopathy in esophageal cancer. J. Radiol. 2011; 80: 625–628.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit87"><label>87</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Hagen P., Hulshof M.C.C.M., van Lanschot J.J., Steyerberg E.W., van Berge Henegouwen M.I., Wijnhoven B.P., Richel D.J., Nieuwenhuijzen G.A., Hospers G.A., Bonenkamp J.J., Cuesta M.A., Blaisse R.J., Busch O.R., ten Kate F.J., Creemers G.J., Punt C.J., Plukker J.T., Verheul H.M., Spillenaar Bilgen E.J., van Dekken H., van der Sangen M.J., Rozema T., Biermann K., Beukema J.C., Piet A.H., van Rij C.M., Reinders J.G., Tilanus H.W., van der Gaast A. CROSS Group. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012; 22: 2074–2084. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1112088.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van Hagen P., Hulshof M.C.C.M., van Lanschot J.J., Steyerberg E.W., van Berge Henegouwen M.I., Wijnhoven B.P., Richel D.J., Nieuwenhuijzen G.A., Hospers G.A., Bonenkamp J.J., Cuesta M.A., Blaisse R.J., Busch O.R., ten Kate F.J., Creemers G.J., Punt C.J., Plukker J.T., Verheul H.M., Spillenaar Bilgen E.J., van Dekken H., van der Sangen M.J., Rozema T., Biermann K., Beukema J.C., Piet A.H., van Rij C.M., Reinders J.G., Tilanus H.W., van der Gaast A. CROSS Group. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012; 22: 2074–2084. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1112088.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit88"><label>88</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Hagen P., Hulshof M.C.C.M., van Lanschot J.J., Steyerberg E.W., van Berge Henegouwen M.I., Wijnhoven B.P., Richel D.J., Nieuwenhuijzen G.A., Hospers G.A., Bonenkamp J.J., Cuesta M.A., Blaisse R.J., Busch O.R., ten Kate F.J., Creemers G.J., Punt C.J., Plukker J.T., Verheul H.M., Spillenaar Bilgen E.J., van Dekken H., van der Sangen M.J., Rozema T., Biermann K., Beukema J.C., Piet A.H., van Rij C.M., Reinders J.G., Tilanus H.W., van der Gaast A. CROSS Group. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012; 22: 2074–2084. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1112088.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van Hagen P., Hulshof M.C.C.M., van Lanschot J.J., Steyerberg E.W., van Berge Henegouwen M.I., Wijnhoven B.P., Richel D.J., Nieuwenhuijzen G.A., Hospers G.A., Bonenkamp J.J., Cuesta M.A., Blaisse R.J., Busch O.R., ten Kate F.J., Creemers G.J., Punt C.J., Plukker J.T., Verheul H.M., Spillenaar Bilgen E.J., van Dekken H., van der Sangen M.J., Rozema T., Biermann K., Beukema J.C., Piet A.H., van Rij C.M., Reinders J.G., Tilanus H.W., van der Gaast A. CROSS Group. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012; 22: 2074–2084. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1112088.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit89"><label>89</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dvoreckij S.Ju. Modern esophageal cancer treatment strategy. Vestnik khirurgii im. I.I. Grekova. 2016. 4: 102–107. https://doi.org/10.24884/0042-4625-2016-175-4-102-107. (In Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dvoreckij S.Ju. Modern esophageal cancer treatment strategy. Vestnik khirurgii im. I.I. Grekova. 2016. 4: 102–107. https://doi.org/10.24884/0042-4625-2016-175-4-102-107. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit90"><label>90</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dvoreckij S.Ju. Modern esophageal cancer treatment strategy. Vestnik khirurgii im. I.I. Grekova. 2016. 4: 102–107. https://doi.org/10.24884/0042-4625-2016-175-4-102-107. (In Russian)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dvoreckij S.Ju. Modern esophageal cancer treatment strategy. Vestnik khirurgii im. I.I. Grekova. 2016. 4: 102–107. https://doi.org/10.24884/0042-4625-2016-175-4-102-107. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit91"><label>91</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mandard A.M., Dalibard F., Mandard J.C., Marnay J., Henry-Amar M., Petiot J.H., Roussel A., Jacob J.H., Segol P., Samama G., Ollivier J.M., Bonvalot S., Gignoux M. Pathologic assessment of tumor regression after preoperative chemoradiotherapy of esophageal carcinoma. Clinicopathologic correlations. Cancer. 1994. 11: 2680–2686.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mandard A.M., Dalibard F., Mandard J.C., Marnay J., Henry-Amar M., Petiot J.H., Roussel A., Jacob J.H., Segol P., Samama G., Ollivier J.M., Bonvalot S., Gignoux M. Pathologic assessment of tumor regression after preoperative chemoradiotherapy of esophageal carcinoma. Clinicopathologic correlations. Cancer. 1994. 11: 2680–2686.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit92"><label>92</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mandard A.M., Dalibard F., Mandard J.C., Marnay J., Henry-Amar M., Petiot J.H., Roussel A., Jacob J.H., Segol P., Samama G., Ollivier J.M., Bonvalot S., Gignoux M. Pathologic assessment of tumor regression after preoperative chemoradiotherapy of esophageal carcinoma. Clinicopathologic correlations. Cancer. 1994. 11: 2680–2686.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mandard A.M., Dalibard F., Mandard J.C., Marnay J., Henry-Amar M., Petiot J.H., Roussel A., Jacob J.H., Segol P., Samama G., Ollivier J.M., Bonvalot S., Gignoux M. Pathologic assessment of tumor regression after preoperative chemoradiotherapy of esophageal carcinoma. Clinicopathologic correlations. Cancer. 1994. 11: 2680–2686.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit93"><label>93</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sendler A. Metabolic response evaluation by PET during neoadjuvant treatment for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2010; 182: 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70579-6_14</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sendler A. Metabolic response evaluation by PET during neoadjuvant treatment for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2010; 182: 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70579-6_14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit94"><label>94</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sendler A. Metabolic response evaluation by PET during neoadjuvant treatment for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2010; 182: 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70579-6_14</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sendler A. Metabolic response evaluation by PET during neoadjuvant treatment for adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2010; 182: 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-70579-6_14</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit95"><label>95</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cunningham D., Allum W.H., Stenning S.P., Thompson J.N., Van de Velde C.J., Nicolson M., Scarffe J.H., Lofts F.J., Falk S.J., Iveson T.J., Smith D.B., Langley R.E., Verma M., Weeden S., Chua Y.J., MAGIC Trial Participants. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006; 355: 11–20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cunningham D., Allum W.H., Stenning S.P., Thompson J.N., Van de Velde C.J., Nicolson M., Scarffe J.H., Lofts F.J., Falk S.J., Iveson T.J., Smith D.B., Langley R.E., Verma M., Weeden S., Chua Y.J., MAGIC Trial Participants. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006; 355: 11–20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit96"><label>96</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cunningham D., Allum W.H., Stenning S.P., Thompson J.N., Van de Velde C.J., Nicolson M., Scarffe J.H., Lofts F.J., Falk S.J., Iveson T.J., Smith D.B., Langley R.E., Verma M., Weeden S., Chua Y.J., MAGIC Trial Participants. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006; 355: 11–20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cunningham D., Allum W.H., Stenning S.P., Thompson J.N., Van de Velde C.J., Nicolson M., Scarffe J.H., Lofts F.J., Falk S.J., Iveson T.J., Smith D.B., Langley R.E., Verma M., Weeden S., Chua Y.J., MAGIC Trial Participants. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2006; 355: 11–20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit97"><label>97</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schandl A., Lagergren J., Johar A., Lagergren P. Healthrelated quality of life 10 years after oesophageal cancer surgery. Eur. J. Cancer. 2016; 69: 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2016.09.032.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schandl A., Lagergren J., Johar A., Lagergren P. Healthrelated quality of life 10 years after oesophageal cancer surgery. Eur. J. Cancer. 2016; 69: 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2016.09.032.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit98"><label>98</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schandl A., Lagergren J., Johar A., Lagergren P. Healthrelated quality of life 10 years after oesophageal cancer surgery. Eur. J. Cancer. 2016; 69: 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2016.09.032.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schandl A., Lagergren J., Johar A., Lagergren P. Healthrelated quality of life 10 years after oesophageal cancer surgery. Eur. J. Cancer. 2016; 69: 43–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2016.09.032.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit99"><label>99</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayashida Y., Yakushiji T., Awai K., Katahira K., Nakayama Y., Shimomura O., Kitajima M., Hirai T., Yamashita Y., Mizuta H. Monitoring therapeutic responses of primary bone tumors by diffusion-weighted image: initial results. Eur. Radiol. 2006; 16: 2637–2643.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayashida Y., Yakushiji T., Awai K., Katahira K., Nakayama Y., Shimomura O., Kitajima M., Hirai T., Yamashita Y., Mizuta H. Monitoring therapeutic responses of primary bone tumors by diffusion-weighted image: initial results. Eur. Radiol. 2006; 16: 2637–2643.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit100"><label>100</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hayashida Y., Yakushiji T., Awai K., Katahira K., Nakayama Y., Shimomura O., Kitajima M., Hirai T., Yamashita Y., Mizuta H. Monitoring therapeutic responses of primary bone tumors by diffusion-weighted image: initial results. Eur. Radiol. 2006; 16: 2637–2643.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hayashida Y., Yakushiji T., Awai K., Katahira K., Nakayama Y., Shimomura O., Kitajima M., Hirai T., Yamashita Y., Mizuta H. Monitoring therapeutic responses of primary bone tumors by diffusion-weighted image: initial results. Eur. Radiol. 2006; 16: 2637–2643.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit101"><label>101</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galban C.J., Mukherji S.K., Chenevert T.L., Meyer C.R., Hamstra D.A., Bland P.H., Johnson T.D., Moffat B.A., Rehemtulla A., Eisbruch A., Ross B.D. A feasibility study of parametric response map analysis of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans of head and neck cancer patients for providing early detection of therapeutic efficacy. Transl. Oncol. 2009; 2: 184–190.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galban C.J., Mukherji S.K., Chenevert T.L., Meyer C.R., Hamstra D.A., Bland P.H., Johnson T.D., Moffat B.A., Rehemtulla A., Eisbruch A., Ross B.D. A feasibility study of parametric response map analysis of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans of head and neck cancer patients for providing early detection of therapeutic efficacy. Transl. Oncol. 2009; 2: 184–190.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit102"><label>102</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Galban C.J., Mukherji S.K., Chenevert T.L., Meyer C.R., Hamstra D.A., Bland P.H., Johnson T.D., Moffat B.A., Rehemtulla A., Eisbruch A., Ross B.D. A feasibility study of parametric response map analysis of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans of head and neck cancer patients for providing early detection of therapeutic efficacy. Transl. Oncol. 2009; 2: 184–190.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galban C.J., Mukherji S.K., Chenevert T.L., Meyer C.R., Hamstra D.A., Bland P.H., Johnson T.D., Moffat B.A., Rehemtulla A., Eisbruch A., Ross B.D. A feasibility study of parametric response map analysis of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans of head and neck cancer patients for providing early detection of therapeutic efficacy. Transl. Oncol. 2009; 2: 184–190.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit103"><label>103</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun N.N., Liu C., Ge X.L. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for advanced esophageal cancer response assessment after concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Diagn. Interv. Radiol. 2018; 24: 195–202. https://doi.org/10.5152/dir.2018.17369.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun N.N., Liu C., Ge X.L. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for advanced esophageal cancer response assessment after concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Diagn. Interv. Radiol. 2018; 24: 195–202. https://doi.org/10.5152/dir.2018.17369.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit104"><label>104</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sun N.N., Liu C., Ge X.L. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for advanced esophageal cancer response assessment after concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Diagn. Interv. Radiol. 2018; 24: 195–202. https://doi.org/10.5152/dir.2018.17369.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sun N.N., Liu C., Ge X.L. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI for advanced esophageal cancer response assessment after concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Diagn. Interv. Radiol. 2018; 24: 195–202. https://doi.org/10.5152/dir.2018.17369.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit105"><label>105</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patterson D.M., Padhani A.R., Collins D.J. Technology insight: water diffusion MRI – a potential new biomarker of response to cancer therapy. Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol. 2008; 4: 220–233.  https://doi.org/10.1038/ncponc1073.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patterson D.M., Padhani A.R., Collins D.J. Technology insight: water diffusion MRI – a potential new biomarker of response to cancer therapy. Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol. 2008; 4: 220–233.  https://doi.org/10.1038/ncponc1073.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit106"><label>106</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patterson D.M., Padhani A.R., Collins D.J. Technology insight: water diffusion MRI – a potential new biomarker of response to cancer therapy. Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol. 2008; 4: 220–233.  https://doi.org/10.1038/ncponc1073.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patterson D.M., Padhani A.R., Collins D.J. Technology insight: water diffusion MRI – a potential new biomarker of response to cancer therapy. Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol. 2008; 4: 220–233.  https://doi.org/10.1038/ncponc1073.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit107"><label>107</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aoyagi T., Shuto K., Okazumi S., Shimada H., Kazama T., Matsubara H. Apparent diffusion coefficient values measured by diffusion-weighted imaging predict chemoradiotherapeutic effect for advanced esophageal cancer. Dig. Surg. 2011; 4: 252–257. https://doi.org/10.1159/000328770.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aoyagi T., Shuto K., Okazumi S., Shimada H., Kazama T., Matsubara H. Apparent diffusion coefficient values measured by diffusion-weighted imaging predict chemoradiotherapeutic effect for advanced esophageal cancer. Dig. Surg. 2011; 4: 252–257. https://doi.org/10.1159/000328770.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit108"><label>108</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aoyagi T., Shuto K., Okazumi S., Shimada H., Kazama T., Matsubara H. Apparent diffusion coefficient values measured by diffusion-weighted imaging predict chemoradiotherapeutic effect for advanced esophageal cancer. Dig. Surg. 2011; 4: 252–257. https://doi.org/10.1159/000328770.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aoyagi T., Shuto K., Okazumi S., Shimada H., Kazama T., Matsubara H. Apparent diffusion coefficient values measured by diffusion-weighted imaging predict chemoradiotherapeutic effect for advanced esophageal cancer. Dig. Surg. 2011; 4: 252–257. https://doi.org/10.1159/000328770.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit109"><label>109</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Rossum P.S., van Lier A.L., van Vulpen M., Reerink O., Lagendijk J.J., Lin S.H., van Hillegersberg R., Ruurda J.P., Meijer G.J., Lips I.M. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for the prediction of pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in esophageal cancer. Radiother. Oncol. 2015; 2: 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2015.04.027.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van Rossum P.S., van Lier A.L., van Vulpen M., Reerink O., Lagendijk J.J., Lin S.H., van Hillegersberg R., Ruurda J.P., Meijer G.J., Lips I.M. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for the prediction of pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in esophageal cancer. Radiother. Oncol. 2015; 2: 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2015.04.027.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit110"><label>110</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Rossum P.S., van Lier A.L., van Vulpen M., Reerink O., Lagendijk J.J., Lin S.H., van Hillegersberg R., Ruurda J.P., Meijer G.J., Lips I.M. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for the prediction of pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in esophageal cancer. Radiother. Oncol. 2015; 2: 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2015.04.027.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van Rossum P.S., van Lier A.L., van Vulpen M., Reerink O., Lagendijk J.J., Lin S.H., van Hillegersberg R., Ruurda J.P., Meijer G.J., Lips I.M. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for the prediction of pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in esophageal cancer. Radiother. Oncol. 2015; 2: 163–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2015.04.027.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit111"><label>111</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Cobelli F., Giganti F., Orsenigo E., Cellina M., Esposito A., Agostini G., Albarello L., Mazza E., Ambrosi A., Socci C., Staudacher C., Del Maschio A. Apparent diffusion coefficient modifications in assessing gastrooesophageal cancer response to neoadjuvant treatment: comparison with tumour regression grade at histology. Eur. Radiol. 2013; 8: 2165–2174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-013-2807-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Cobelli F., Giganti F., Orsenigo E., Cellina M., Esposito A., Agostini G., Albarello L., Mazza E., Ambrosi A., Socci C., Staudacher C., Del Maschio A. Apparent diffusion coefficient modifications in assessing gastrooesophageal cancer response to neoadjuvant treatment: comparison with tumour regression grade at histology. Eur. Radiol. 2013; 8: 2165–2174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-013-2807-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit112"><label>112</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Cobelli F., Giganti F., Orsenigo E., Cellina M., Esposito A., Agostini G., Albarello L., Mazza E., Ambrosi A., Socci C., Staudacher C., Del Maschio A. Apparent diffusion coefficient modifications in assessing gastrooesophageal cancer response to neoadjuvant treatment: comparison with tumour regression grade at histology. Eur. Radiol. 2013; 8: 2165–2174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-013-2807-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Cobelli F., Giganti F., Orsenigo E., Cellina M., Esposito A., Agostini G., Albarello L., Mazza E., Ambrosi A., Socci C., Staudacher C., Del Maschio A. Apparent diffusion coefficient modifications in assessing gastrooesophageal cancer response to neoadjuvant treatment: comparison with tumour regression grade at histology. Eur. Radiol. 2013; 8: 2165–2174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-013-2807-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit113"><label>113</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang L., Liu L., Han C., Liu S., Tian H., Li Z., Ren X., Shi G., Wang Q., Wang G. The diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) predicts the early response of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma to concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Radiother. Oncol. 2016; 2: 246–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2016.10.021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang L., Liu L., Han C., Liu S., Tian H., Li Z., Ren X., Shi G., Wang Q., Wang G. The diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) predicts the early response of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma to concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Radiother. Oncol. 2016; 2: 246–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2016.10.021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit114"><label>114</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang L., Liu L., Han C., Liu S., Tian H., Li Z., Ren X., Shi G., Wang Q., Wang G. The diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) predicts the early response of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma to concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Radiother. Oncol. 2016; 2: 246–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2016.10.021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang L., Liu L., Han C., Liu S., Tian H., Li Z., Ren X., Shi G., Wang Q., Wang G. The diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) predicts the early response of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma to concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Radiother. Oncol. 2016; 2: 246–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radonc.2016.10.021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit115"><label>115</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel U.B., Taylor F., Blomqvist L., George C., Evans H., Tekkis P., Quirke P., Sebag-Montefiore D., Moran B., Heald R., Guthrie A., Bees N., Swift I., Pennert K., Brown G. Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Detected Tumor Response for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Predicts Survival Outcomes. MERCURY Experience. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011; 28: 3753–3760. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.34.9068.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patel U.B., Taylor F., Blomqvist L., George C., Evans H., Tekkis P., Quirke P., Sebag-Montefiore D., Moran B., Heald R., Guthrie A., Bees N., Swift I., Pennert K., Brown G. Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Detected Tumor Response for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Predicts Survival Outcomes. MERCURY Experience. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011; 28: 3753–3760. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.34.9068.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit116"><label>116</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel U.B., Taylor F., Blomqvist L., George C., Evans H., Tekkis P., Quirke P., Sebag-Montefiore D., Moran B., Heald R., Guthrie A., Bees N., Swift I., Pennert K., Brown G. Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Detected Tumor Response for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Predicts Survival Outcomes. MERCURY Experience. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011; 28: 3753–3760. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.34.9068.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patel U.B., Taylor F., Blomqvist L., George C., Evans H., Tekkis P., Quirke P., Sebag-Montefiore D., Moran B., Heald R., Guthrie A., Bees N., Swift I., Pennert K., Brown G. Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Detected Tumor Response for Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer Predicts Survival Outcomes. MERCURY Experience. J. Clin. Oncol. 2011; 28: 3753–3760. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2011.34.9068.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit117"><label>117</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel U.B., Brown G., Rutten H., West N., Sebag-Montefiore D., Glynne-Jones R., Rullier E., Peeters M., Van Cutsem E., Ricci S., Van de Velde C., Kjell P., Quirke P. Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Histo pathological Response to Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 9: 2842–2852. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-012-2309-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patel U.B., Brown G., Rutten H., West N., Sebag-Montefiore D., Glynne-Jones R., Rullier E., Peeters M., Van Cutsem E., Ricci S., Van de Velde C., Kjell P., Quirke P. Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Histo pathological Response to Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 9: 2842–2852. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-012-2309-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit118"><label>118</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel U.B., Brown G., Rutten H., West N., Sebag-Montefiore D., Glynne-Jones R., Rullier E., Peeters M., Van Cutsem E., Ricci S., Van de Velde C., Kjell P., Quirke P. Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Histo pathological Response to Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 9: 2842–2852. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-012-2309-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patel U.B., Brown G., Rutten H., West N., Sebag-Montefiore D., Glynne-Jones R., Rullier E., Peeters M., Van Cutsem E., Ricci S., Van de Velde C., Kjell P., Quirke P. Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Histo pathological Response to Chemoradiotherapy in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 9: 2842–2852. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-012-2309-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit119"><label>119</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koh D.M., Padhani A.R. Diffusion-weighted MRI: a new functional clinical technique for tumour imaging. Br. J. Radiol. 2006; 79: 633–635.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koh D.M., Padhani A.R. Diffusion-weighted MRI: a new functional clinical technique for tumour imaging. Br. J. Radiol. 2006; 79: 633–635.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit120"><label>120</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koh D.M., Padhani A.R. Diffusion-weighted MRI: a new functional clinical technique for tumour imaging. Br. J. Radiol. 2006; 79: 633–635.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koh D.M., Padhani A.R. Diffusion-weighted MRI: a new functional clinical technique for tumour imaging. Br. J. Radiol. 2006; 79: 633–635.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit121"><label>121</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel U.B., Brown G. MRI-based assessment of tumor regression in rectal cancer. Curr. Colorectal Cancer Rep. 2013; 2: 136–145.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patel U.B., Brown G. MRI-based assessment of tumor regression in rectal cancer. Curr. Colorectal Cancer Rep. 2013; 2: 136–145.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit122"><label>122</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel U.B., Brown G. MRI-based assessment of tumor regression in rectal cancer. Curr. Colorectal Cancer Rep. 2013; 2: 136–145.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patel U.B., Brown G. MRI-based assessment of tumor regression in rectal cancer. Curr. Colorectal Cancer Rep. 2013; 2: 136–145.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit123"><label>123</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cobelli F.D., Giganti F., Orsenigo E. Apparent diffusion coefficient modifications in assessing gastro-oesophageal cancer response to neoadjuvant treatment: comparison with tumour regression grade at histology. Eur. Radiol. 2013; 23: 2165–2174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-013-2807-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cobelli F.D., Giganti F., Orsenigo E. Apparent diffusion coefficient modifications in assessing gastro-oesophageal cancer response to neoadjuvant treatment: comparison with tumour regression grade at histology. Eur. Radiol. 2013; 23: 2165–2174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-013-2807-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit124"><label>124</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cobelli F.D., Giganti F., Orsenigo E. Apparent diffusion coefficient modifications in assessing gastro-oesophageal cancer response to neoadjuvant treatment: comparison with tumour regression grade at histology. Eur. Radiol. 2013; 23: 2165–2174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-013-2807-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cobelli F.D., Giganti F., Orsenigo E. Apparent diffusion coefficient modifications in assessing gastro-oesophageal cancer response to neoadjuvant treatment: comparison with tumour regression grade at histology. Eur. Radiol. 2013; 23: 2165–2174. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-013-2807-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit125"><label>125</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heethuis S.E., Goense L., van Rossum P.S.N. DW-MRI and DCE-MRI are of complementary value in predicting pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer. Acta Oncol. 2018; 57: 1201–1208. https://doi.org/10.1080/0284186X.2018.1473637.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heethuis S.E., Goense L., van Rossum P.S.N. DW-MRI and DCE-MRI are of complementary value in predicting pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer. Acta Oncol. 2018; 57: 1201–1208. https://doi.org/10.1080/0284186X.2018.1473637.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit126"><label>126</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heethuis S.E., Goense L., van Rossum P.S.N. DW-MRI and DCE-MRI are of complementary value in predicting pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer. Acta Oncol. 2018; 57: 1201–1208. https://doi.org/10.1080/0284186X.2018.1473637.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heethuis S.E., Goense L., van Rossum P.S.N. DW-MRI and DCE-MRI are of complementary value in predicting pathologic response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer. Acta Oncol. 2018; 57: 1201–1208. https://doi.org/10.1080/0284186X.2018.1473637.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
