<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medvis</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская визуализация</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Visualization</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1607-0763</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2408-9516</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RDS-Media Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24835/1607-0763-2017-3-44-52</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medvis-421</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СЕКЦИЯ РАБОТ МОЛОДЫХ УЧЕНЫХ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>SECTION OF WORKS OF YOUNG SCIENTISTS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Возможности ультразвукового исследования при диагностике опухоли почки на этапе планирования оперативного вмешательства</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Possibilities of Ultrasound in Diagnosis of Kidney Cancer at the Stage of Surgery</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чехоева</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chekhoeva</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Чехоева Олеся Ахсаровна – младший научный сотрудник отделения ультразвуковых методов диагностики и минимально инвазивного лечения</p><p>Научный руководитель: Степанова Ю.А. – доктор мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела лучевой диагностики ФГБУ “Институт хирургии им. А.В. Вишневского” Минздрава России</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Olesya A. Chekhoeva – the junior research of ultrasound department </p><p>Scientific advisor: Stepanova Yu.A. – doсt. of med. sci., the senior research of radiology department of A.V. Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery</p><p>Contact: Olesya A. Chekhoeva – 119997 Moscow, Bolshaya Serpukhovskaya str., 27/</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">chekho87@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ “Институт хирургии им. А.В. Вишневского” Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A.V. Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2017</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>06</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>44</fpage><lpage>52</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Чехоева О.А., 2017</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чехоева О.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chekhoeva O.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medvis.rdsmedia.ru/jour/article/view/421">https://medvis.rdsmedia.ru/jour/article/view/421</self-uri><abstract><p>Несмотря на наличие в настоящее время множества государственных программ по переоснащению государственных медицинских учреждений, УЗИ в силу относительной простоты организации процесса исследования и низкой стоимости все еще остается актуальным при обследовании больных, в частности раком почки. В последние годы появился целый ряд новых УЗ-методик – трехмерная реконструкция УЗ-изображения, технология тканевой гармоники и эхоконтрастирование с помощью внутривенно вводимых контрастных веществ. Вследствие постоянного совершенствования возможностей УЗ-сканеров и методик УЗИ необходим пересмотр значимости УЗИ при диагностике и дифференциальной диагностике почечно-клеточного рака.</p><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования: оценить диагностические возможности УЗИ у пациентов с опухолями почки на дооперационном этапе.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. В Институте хирургии им. А.В. Вишневского в период с 2012 по2017 г. были обследованы и пролечены 136 пациентов с опухолями почек в возрасте от 21 года до 73 лет. В исследовании незначительно преобладали мужчины – 65,4%. Всем пациентам проведено комплексное клинико-лабораторное обследование, включавшее в себя анализ жалоб, данных анамнеза, клинического осмотра, лабораторных данных, а также широкий спектр инструментальных исследований (УЗИ, МСКТ и МРТ). Каждый из методов исследования оценивали по трем критериями (локализация, распространенность, наличие тромбоза вен), являющихся ключевыми для оценки целесообразности проведения оперативного вмешательства и при последующем тактики оперативного вмешательства. Оценку информативности каждого из лучевых методов исследования (УЗИ, МСКТ, МРТ) проводили на основании следующих критериев: чувствительность, специфичность и общая точность метода. Всем пациентам были выполнены хирургические операции в различном объеме, образования были морфологически верифицированы как почечно-клеточный рак. В качестве “контроля” для каждого из параметров использовали протокол последующего оперативного вмешательства. Эффективность УЗИ достоверно сопоставима с КТ и МРТ при оценке таких дооперационных параметров, как локализация опухоли в почке, распространенность патологического процесса и тромбоз нижней полой вены и основного ствола почечной вены. В оценке тромбоза сегментарных почечных вен УЗИ также сопоставимо с другими методами исследования, однако эти данные невозможно считать статистически достоверными (вследствие малого количества наблюдений) и их подтверждение требует дальнейшего изучения.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. В условиях специализированного хирургического стационара, ориентированного на диагностику и лечение рака почки, УЗИ по своей эффективности может быть сопоставимо с КТ и МРТ, предоставляя хирургу дооперационную информацию, достаточную для планирования оперативного вмешательства. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Despite the availability of a large number of state programs for the re-equipment of state medical institutions, ultrasonic research, due to the relative simplicity of the organization of the research process and the decisiveness, still remains relevant for the examination of patients and, in particular, kidney cancer. In recent years, a number of new ultrasound techniques have emerged – three-dimensional reconstruction of ultrasound imaging, tissue harmonic technology and echocontrast with intravenous contrast agents. Due to the continuous improvement of the capabilities of ultrasound scanners and ultrasound imaging techniques, a review of the significance of ultrasound in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma (RCC).</p><sec><title>The purpose</title><p>The purpose: to evaluate the diagnostic possibilities of ultrasound in patients with kidney tumors at the preoperative stage.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. 136 patients with kidney tumors aged 21 to 73 years were examined and treated in A.V. Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery in the period from 2012 to 2017. The study slightly dominated by men – 65.4%. All patients underwent a complex clinical and laboratory examination, which included the analysis of complaints, data of anamnesis, clinical examination, laboratory data, as well as a wide range of instrumental studies (ultrasound, MSCT and MRI). Each of the study methods was evaluated according to three criteria (localization, prevalence, presence of vein thrombosis), which are key to assessing the feasibility of surgical intervention and subsequent tactics of surgery. Evaluation of the informative value of each of the radiation methods of the study (ultrasound, MSCT, MRI) was carried out on the basis of the following criteria: sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy of the method. All patients underwent surgical operations in various volumes, the formations were morphologically verified as RCC. As a “control” for each of the parameters used the protocol of subsequent surgery. The effectiveness of ultrasound is significantly comparable with CT and MRI in assessing such preoperative parameters as tumor localization in the kidney, the prevalence of the pathological process and thrombosis of the inferior vena cava and the main trunk of the renal vein. In the evaluation of thrombosis of segmental renal veins, ultrasound is also comparable to other methods of investigation, but these data can not be considered statistically reliable (due to the small number of observations) and their confirmation requires further study.</p></sec><sec><title> Conclusion</title><p> Conclusion. In the conditions of a specialized surgical hospital focused on the diagnosis and treatment of kidney cancer, ultrasound can be comparable to CT and MRI in its effectiveness, providing the surgeon with pre-operative information sufficient for planning surgical intervention.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак почки</kwd><kwd>локализация</kwd><kwd>распространенность</kwd><kwd>тромбоз</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd><kwd>УЗИ</kwd><kwd>КТ</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>kidney cancer</kwd><kwd>localization</kwd><kwd>prevalence</kwd><kwd>thrombosis</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd><kwd>ultrasound</kwd><kwd>CT</kwd><kwd>MRI</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Клиническая онкоурология; Под ред. Б.П.Матвеева. М.: Вердана, 2011. 934 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clinical oncourology. Ed. B.P. Matveev. M.: Verdana, 2011. 934 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глыбочко П.В., Митряев Ю.И., Понукалин А.Н., Попков В.М, Михайлова Л.А. Диагностика и лечение рака парен химы почки. Онкологическая урология: от научных исследований к клинической практике. М., 2004: 107–108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glybochko P.V., Mitryaev Yu.I., Ponukalin A.N., Popkov V.M., Mikhailova L.A. Diagnosis and treatment of cancer of the kidney parenchyma. Oncological urology: from scientific research to clinical practice. M., 2004: 107–108. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Грицкевич А.А., Пьяникин С.С., Адырхаев З.А., Степанова Ю.А., Казеннов В.В., Зотиков А.Е., Теплов А.А., Ревишвили А.Ш. Резекция почки ex vivo в условиях фармако-холодовой ишемии с последующей ортотопической аутотрансплантацией. Трансплантология. 2016; 3: 27–36.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gritskevich A.A., Pyanikin S.S., Adyrkhaev Z.A., Stepanova Yu.A., Kazennov V.V., Zotikov A.E., Teplov A.A., Revishvili A.Sh. Resection of the kidney ex vivo under conditions of pharmaco-cold ischemia followed by orthotopic autotransplantation. Transplantologiya. 2016; 3: 27–36. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fergany A., Saad I., Woo L., Novick A.C. Open partial nephrectomy for tumour in a solitary kidney: Experience with 400 Cases. J. Urol. 2006; 175: 1630–1633. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00991-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fergany A., Saad I., Woo L., Novick A.C. Open partial nephrectomy for tumour in a solitary kidney: Experience with 400 Cases. J. Urol. 2006; 175: 1630–1633. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00991-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lane B.R., Novick A.C. Nephron-sparing surgery. BJU Int. 2007; 99: 1245–1250. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06831.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lane B.R., Novick A.C. Nephron-sparing surgery. BJU Int. 2007; 99: 1245–1250. DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06831.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rocco M.V., Frankenfield D.L., Hopson S.K., McClellan W.M. Relationship between clinical performance measures and outcomes among patients receiving long-term hemodialysis. Ann. Intern. Med. 2006; 145 (7): 512–519.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rocco M.V., Frankenfield D.L., Hopson S.K., McClellan W.M. Relationship between clinical performance measures and outcomes among patients receiving long-term hemodialysis. Ann. Intern. Med. 2006; 145 (7): 512–519.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kasiske B.L., Cangro C.B., Hariharan S. The evaluation of renal transplantation candidates: clinical practice guidelines. Am. J. Transplant. 2001; 1 (2): 3–95.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kasiske B.L., Cangro C.B., Hariharan S. The evaluation of renal transplantation candidates: clinical practice guidelines. Am. J. Transplant. 2001; 1 (2): 3–95. 8. McKiernan J., Simmons R., Katz J., Russo P. Natural history of chronic renal insufficiency after partial and radical nephrectomy. Urology. 2002; 59 (6): 816–820.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McKiernan J., Simmons R., Katz J., Russo P. Natural history of chronic renal insufficiency after partial and radical nephrectomy. Urology. 2002; 59 (6): 816–820.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin S.J., Koford J.K., Baird B.C. The association between length of post-kidney transplant hospitalization and longterm graft and recipient survival. Clin. Transplant. 2006; 20 (2): 245–252.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin S.J., Koford J.K., Baird B.C. The association between length of post-kidney transplant hospitalization and longterm graft and recipient survival. Clin. Transplant. 2006; 20 (2): 245–252.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Foley R.N., Collins A.J. End-stage renal disease in the United States: an update from the United States Renal Data System. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007; 18 (10): 2644–2648. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2007020220</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Foley R.N., Collins A.J. End-stage renal disease in the United States: an update from the United States Renal Data System. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007; 18 (10): 2644–2648. DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2007020220</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Koenig P., Gill I.S., Kamoi K., Aron M., Haber G.-P., Singh A.B., Weight C.J., Desai M.M., Kaouk J.H., Goldfarb D.A., Poggio E.D. Kidney cancer and the risk for chronic kidney disease: matched-paired comparison with living donors. J. Urol. 2008; 179 (4): 170. DOI: 10.1016/S00225347(08)60492-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Koenig P., Gill I.S., Kamoi K., Aron M., Haber G.-P., Singh A.B., Weight C.J., Desai M.M., Kaouk J.H., Goldfarb D.A., Poggio E.D. Kidney cancer and the risk for chronic kidney disease: matched-paired comparison with living donors. J. Urol. 2008; 179 (4): 170. DOI: 10.1016/S00225347(08)60492-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Neil N., Guest S., Wong L., Isbell D., Golper T.A. The financial implications for Medicare of greater use of peritoneal dialysis. Clin. Ther. 2009; 31 (4): 880–888. DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2013.00305</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Neil N., Guest S., Wong L., Isbell D., Golper T.A. The financial implications for Medicare of greater use of peritoneal dialysis. Clin. Ther. 2009; 31 (4): 880–888. DOI: 10.3747/pdi.2013.00305</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van Poppel H., Rigatti P., Albrecht W. et al. Results of randomized trial comparing radical and partial nephrectomy for small kidney neoplasms EORTC protocol 30904. EAU Vienna. 2004, CD1. Abstr. 280.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van Poppel H., Rigatti P., Albrecht W. et al. Results of randomized trial comparing radical and partial nephrectomy for small kidney neoplasms EORTC protocol 30904. EAU Vienna. 2004, CD1. Abstr. 280.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hafez K.S., Fergany A.F., Novick A.C. Nephron sparing surgery for localized renal cell carcinoma: impact of tumor size on patient survival, tumor recurrence and TNM staging. J. Urol. 1999; 162 (6): 1930–1933.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hafez K.S., Fergany A.F., Novick A.C. Nephron sparing surgery for localized renal cell carcinoma: impact of tumor size on patient survival, tumor recurrence and TNM staging. J. Urol. 1999; 162 (6): 1930–1933.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patard J.J., Shvarts O., Lam J.S. Safety and efficacy of partial nephrectomy for all T1 tumors based on an international multicenter experience. J. Urol. 2004; 171 (6 Pt 1): 2181–2185, quiz 2435.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patard J.J., Shvarts O., Lam J.S. Safety and efficacy of partial nephrectomy for all T1 tumors based on an international multicenter experience. J. Urol. 2004; 171 (6 Pt 1): 2181–2185, quiz 2435.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leibovich B.C., Blute M.L., Cheville J.C., Lohse C.M., Weaver A.L., Zincke H. Nephron sparing surgery for appropriately selected renal cell carcinoma between 4 and 7 cm results in outcome similar to radical nephrectomy. J. Urol. 2004; 171 (3): 1066–1070. DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000113274.40885.db</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leibovich B.C., Blute M.L., Cheville J.C., Lohse C.M., Weaver A.L., Zincke H. Nephron sparing surgery for appropriately selected renal cell carcinoma between 4 and 7 cm results in outcome similar to radical nephrectomy. J. Urol. 2004; 171 (3): 1066–1070. DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000113274.40885.db</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matveev V.B., Perlin D.V., Figurin K.M., Volkova M.I. Organ-preserving treatment of kidney cancer. Practicheskaya oncologiya. 2005; 6 (3): 162–166. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Матвеев В.Б., Перлин Д.В., Фигурин К.М., Волкова М.И. Органосохраняющее лечение рака почки. Практическая онкология. 2005; 6 (3): 162–166.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rassweiler J.J., Abbou C., Janetschek G., Jeschke K. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, the European experience. Urol. Clin. N. Am. 2000; 27: 721–736.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rassweiler J.J., Abbou C., Janetschek G., Jeschke K. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy, the European experience. Urol. Clin. N. Am. 2000; 27: 721–736.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jeschke K., Peschel R., Wakonig J., Schellander L., Bartsch G., Henning K. Laparoscopic nephron_sparing surgery for renal tumors. Urology. 2001; 58: 688–692.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jeschke K., Peschel R., Wakonig J., Schellander L., Bartsch G., Henning K. Laparoscopic nephron_sparing surgery for renal tumors. Urology. 2001; 58: 688–692.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Desai M.M., Gill I.S., Kaouk J.H., Matin S.F., Novick A.C. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with suture repair of the pelvicaliceal system. Urology. 2003; 61: 99–104.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Desai M.M., Gill I.S., Kaouk J.H., Matin S.F., Novick A.C. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy with suture repair of the pelvicaliceal system. Urology. 2003; 61: 99–104.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pereverzev A.S. Surgery of tumors of the kidney and upper urinary tract. Kharkov: Fact, 1997: 167–245. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Переверзев А.С. Хирургия опухолей почки и верхних мочевых путей. Харьков: Факт, 1997: 167–245.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchukin D.V., Ilyukhin Yu.A. Surgery of tumor of the inferior vena cava with cancer of the kidney. Belgorod: Belgorod Regional Printing House, 2007. 196 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Щукин Д.В., Илюхин Ю.А. Хирургия опухолевых тромбов нижней полой вены при раке почки. Белгород: Белгородская областная типография, 2007. 196 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wagner B., Patard J.J., Méjean A., Bensalah K., Verhoest G., Zigeuner R., Ficarra V., Tostain J., Mulders P., Chautard D., Descotes J.L., de la Taille A., Salomon L., Prayer-Galetti T., Cindolo L., Valéri A., Meyer N., Jacqmin D., Lang H. Prognostic value of renal vein and inferior vena cava involvement in renal cell carcinoma. Eur. Urol. 2009; 55 (2): 452–459. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2008.07.053.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wagner B., Patard J.J., Méjean A., Bensalah K., Verhoest G., Zigeuner R., Ficarra V., Tostain J., Mulders P., Chautard D., Descotes J.L., de la Taille A., Salomon L., Prayer-Galetti T., Cindolo L., Valéri A., Meyer N., Jacqmin D., Lang H. Prognostic value of renal vein and inferior vena cava involvement in renal cell carcinoma. Eur. Urol. 2009; 55 (2): 452–459. DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2008.07.053.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Campbell S., Novick A., Bukowski R. Treatment of locally advanced renal cell carcinoma. In: Campbell S., Walsh P., (eds). Urology. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 2007: 1619–1622.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Campbell S., Novick A., Bukowski R. Treatment of locally advanced renal cell carcinoma. In: Campbell S., Walsh P. (eds). Urology. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders Co., 2007: 1619–1622.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bazaev V.V., Dutov V.V., Tyan P.A., Kazantseva I.A. Incidental renal cell carcinoma: clinical and morphological features. Urologiya. 2013; 2: 66–68. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Базаев В.В., Дутов В.В., Тян П.А., Казанцева И.А. Инцидентальный почечно-клеточный рак: клиникомор фологические особенности. Урология. 2013; 2: 66–68.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khovari L.F., Shanazarov N.A. Diagnosis of kidney cancer: current trends. Fundamentalnie issledovaniya. 2011; 7: 256–261. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ховари Л.Ф., Шаназаров Н.А. Диагностика рака почки: современные тенденции. Фундаментальные исследования. 2011; 7: 256–261.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nikolsky Yu.E., Popkov V.M., Chekhonatskaya M.L., Ponukalin A.N., Zakharova N.B., Khmara T.G., Zuev V.V. The possibilities of radiation imaging methods in the diagnosis of renal parenchyma cancer. Bulletin meditsinskikh konferenciy. 2013; 4 (4): 856–858. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Никольский Ю.Е., Попков В.М., Чехонацкая М.Л., Понукалин А.Н., Захарова Н.Б., Хмара Т.Г., Зуев В.В. Возможности лучевых методов визуализации в диагностике рака почечной паренхимы. Бюллетень медицинских интернет-конференций. 2013; 4 (4): 856–858.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prokop M., Galanski M. Spiral and multilayered computed tomography: educational. Allowance. Trans: With the English. Eds A.V. Zubarev, Sh.Sh. Shotemora. In 2 volu mes. М .: MEDpress-inform, 2007; Vol. 2. 712 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Прокоп М., Галански М. Спиральная и многослойная компьютерная томография: Учебное пособие: Пер. с англ. под ред. А.В. Зубарева, Ш.Ш. Шотемора. В 2-х томах. М.: МЕДпресс-информ, 2007; Т. 2. 712 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alyaev Yu.G., Akhvlediani N.D., Levko A.A. Innovative methods of visualization in urology. Meditsinskiy vestnik Bashkortostana. 2008; 3 (2): 22–27. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аляев Ю.Г., Ахвледиани Н.Д., Левко А.А. Инновационные методы визуализации в урологии. Медицинский вестник Башкортостана. 2008; 3 (2): 22–27.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gohji K., Yamashita C., Ueno K., Shimogaki H., Kamidono S. Preoperative computerized tomography detection of extensive invasion of the inferior vena cava by renal cell carcinoma: possible incication for resection with partial cardiopulmonary bypass and patch grafting. J. Urol. 1994; 152: 1993–1996.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gohji K., Yamashita C., Ueno K., Shimogaki H., Kamidono S. Preoperative computerized tomography detection of extensive invasion of the inferior vena cava by renal cell carcinoma: possible incication for resection with partial cardiopulmonary bypass and patch grafting. J. Urol. 1994; 152: 1993–1996.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mikhailov M.K., Ivanova I.I., Gilyazutdinov I.A. Radiation diagnosis of the prevalence of kidney cancer. Kazanskiy Meditsinskiy zhurnal. 2003; 84 (5): 375–380. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Михайлов М.К., Иванова И.И., Гилязутдинов И.А. Лучевая диагностика распространенности рака почки. Казанский медицинский журнал. 2003; 84 (5): 375–380.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alyaev Yu.G., Sinitsyn V.Ye., Grigoriev N.A. Magnetic resonance imaging in urology. M.: Practical medicine, 2005. 272 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аляев Ю.Г., Синицын В.Е., Григорьев Н.А. Магнитнорезонансная томография в урологии. М.: Практическая медицина, 2005. 272 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pereverzev A.S., Shchukin D.V., Pereverzev Yu.A., Antonyan I.M., Megera V.V. The role of MRI in the diagnosis of retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy with angiomyolipoma and kidney pacca. Oncologiya. 2000; 4: 253–255. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Переверзев А.С., Щукин Д.В., Переверзев Ю.А., Антонян И.М., Мегера В.В. Роль МРТ в диагностике забрюшинной лимфаденопатии при ангиомиолипоме и paкe почки. Онкология. 2000; 4: 253–255.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharia M.A. Magnetic resonance imaging with volume formations of the kidneys. Medical Visualization. 1998; 3: 12–18. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шария М.А. Магнитно-резонансная томография при объемных образованиях почек. Медицинская визуализация. 1998; 3: 12–18.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alyaev Yu.G., Vinarov A.Z., Krapivin A.A., Gafarov N.Z. Modern technologies in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney cancer. Oncourologiya. 2005; 2: 3–7. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Аляев Ю.Г., Винаров А.З., Крапивин А.А., Гафаров Н.З. Современные технологии в диагностике и лечении рака почки. Онкоурология. 2005; 2: 3–7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novick A.C., Campbell S.C. Renal tumors. In: Campbell's Urology. Eds. P.C. Walsh, A.B. Retik, E.D. Vaughan, A.J. Wein. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 2002: 2672–2731.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Novick A.C., Campbell S.C. Renal tumors. In: Campbell's Urology. Eds P.C. Walsh, A.B. Retik, E.D. Vaughan, A.J. Wein. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 2002: 2672–2731.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glybochko P.V., Masina O.V., Chekhonatskaya M.L. Complex radiation diagnosis of volumetric formations of the renal parenchyma. Saratovskiy nauchno-meditsinskiy zhurnal. 2008; 4 (1): 20–25. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глыбочко П.В., Масина О.В., Чехонацкая М.Л. Комплексная лучевая диагностика объемных образований почечной паренхимы. Саратовский научно-медицинский журнал. 2008; 4 (1): 20–25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanov A.P., Tyuzikov I.A. Optimization of the protocol of multispiral CT (MSCT) in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of kidney cancer. Fundamentalnie issledovaniya. 2011; 9: 70–72. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Иванов А.П., Тюзиков И.А. Оптимизация протокола мультиспиральной КТ (МСКТ) в диагностике и дифференциальной диагностике рака почки. Фундаментальные исследования. 2011; 9: 70–72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dong X.Q., Shen Y., Xu L.W., Xu C.-M., Bi W., Wang X.-M. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for detection and diagnosis of renal clear cell carcinoma. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.). 2009; 122 (10): 1179–1183.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dong X.Q., Shen Y., Xu L.W., Xu C.-M., Bi W., Wang X.-M. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for detection and diagnosis of renal clear cell carcinoma. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.). 2009; 122 (10): 1179–1183.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou X., Yan F., Luo Y., Peng Y.L., Para july S.S., Wen X.R., Cai D.M., Li Y.Z. Characterization and diagnostic confidence of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for solid renal tumors. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 2011; 37 (6): 845–853.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou X., Yan F., Luo Y., Peng Y.L., Para july S.S., Wen X.R., Cai D.M., Li Y.Z. Characterization and diagnostic confidence of contrast-enhanced ultrasound for solid renal tumors. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 2011; 37 (6): 845–853.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li X., Liang P., Guo M., Yu J., Yu X., Cheng X., Han Z. Realtime contrast-enhanced ultrasound in diagnosis of solid renal lesions. Discov Med. 2013; 16 (86): 15–25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li X., Liang P., Guo M., Yu J., Yu X., Cheng X., Han Z. Realtime contrast-enhanced ultrasound in diagnosis of solid renal lesions. Discov. Med. 2013; 16 (86): 15–25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cai Y., Du L., Li F. Gu J., Bai M. Quantification of enhancement of renal parenchymal masses with contrastenhanced ultrasound. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 2014; 40 (7): 1387–1393. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.02.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cai Y., Du L., Li F. Gu J., Bai M. Quantification of enhancement of renal parenchymal masses with contrastenhanced ultrasound. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 2014; 40 (7): 1387–1393. DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.02.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stepanova Yu.A., Timina I.E., Teplov A.A., Chekhoyeva O.A., Morozova M.V., Gritskevich A.A., Pyanikin S.S., Kalinin D.V. Experience of the use of sonovyu ultrasound contrast agents in differential diagnosis of kidney tumours. Part 1. Medical Visualization. 2016; 5: 100–106. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Степанова Ю.А., Тимина И.Е., Теплов А.А., Чехоева О.А., Морозова М.В., Грицкевич А.А., Пьяникин С.С., Калинин Д.В. Опыт применения эхоконтрастного препарата соновью в дифференциальной диагностике опухолей почки. Часть 1. Медицинская визуализация. 2016; 5: 100–106.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stepanova Yu.A., Timina I.E., Teplov A.A., Chekhoyeva O.A., Morozova M.V., Gritskevich A.A., Pyanikin S.S., Kalinin D.V. Experience of the use of sonovyu ultrasound contrast agents in differential diagnosis of kidney tumours. Part 2. Medical Visualization. 2016; 6: 69–83. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Степанова Ю.А., Тимина И.Е., Теплов А.А., Чехоева О.А., Морозова М.В., Грицкевич А.А., Пьяникин С.С., Калинин Д.В. Опыт применения эхоконтрастного препарата соновью в дифференциальной диагностике опухолей почки. Часть 2. Медицинская визуализация. 2016; 6: 69–83.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Степанова Ю.А., Тимина И.Е., Теплов А.А., Чехоева О.А., Морозова М.В., Грицкевич А.А., Пьяникин С.С., Калинин Д.В. Опыт применения эхоконтрастного препарата соновью в дифференциальной диагностике опухолей почки. Часть 2. Медицинская визуализация. 2016; 6: 69–83.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
