<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medvis</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская визуализация</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Visualization</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1607-0763</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2408-9516</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RDS-Media Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medvis-202</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКУШЕРСТВО И ГИНЕКОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Перинатальная гипоксия: патогенетические аспекты и подходы к диагностике (обзор литературы). Часть I</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Perinatal Hypoxia: Pathogenetic Aspects and Approaches to Diagnostics (Review of Literature). Part I</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Семина</surname><given-names>Виктория Ивановна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Semina</surname><given-names>Viktoriya Ivanovna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">vika_smily@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанова</surname><given-names>Юлия Александровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanova</surname><given-names>Yulia Aleksandrovna</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">noemail@neicon.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ГБОУ ВПО “Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова” Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2015</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>28</day><month>04</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>95</fpage><lpage>105</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Семина В.И., Степанова Ю.А., 2015</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Семина В.И., Степанова Ю.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Semina V.I., Stepanova Y.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medvis.rdsmedia.ru/jour/article/view/202">https://medvis.rdsmedia.ru/jour/article/view/202</self-uri><abstract><p>Кислород играет ключевую физиологическую роль в период внутриутробного развития плода. Его адекватное поступление обеспечивает осуществление значимых фетальных процессов, таких как ангиогенез, гемопоэз, хондрогенез, а также формирование плаценты. Острая или хроническая гипоксия может оказывать негативное влияние на плод на любом этапе его развития. Перинатальная гипоксия является важной и основной причиной мозговых нарушений у новорожденных и приводит к различным неврологическим расстройствам: от незначительных нарушений поведенческих реакций до умственной отсталости и церебрального паралича. Фетальный цереброваскулярный ответ в условиях гипоксии принципиально отличается от изменений мозгового кровообращения, наблюдаемых после рождения. В данном обзоре освещены причины и механизмы перинатальной гипоксии, а также ее ранние и отдаленные постнатальные последствия. Изучение патогенеза формирования цереброваскулярных нарушений у плода, а также описание их особенностей имеют особую значимость как для комплексной диагностики патологических акушерских состояний и неврологических расстройств, так и для оптимизации лечебных мероприятий с целью снижения перинатальных потерь.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Oxygen plays significant physiological role in fetal development. It is important in major embryonic processes like angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, chondrogenesis, and placental development. Acute or chronic hypoxia can have negative impact on a fetus at any stage of the process of development. Prenatal hypoxia is an important cause of brain injury of the newborn. It may lead to a variety of different long-term neurological disorders: from mild behavioral deficits to severe compromise with seizures, mental retardation and cerebral palsy. Fetal cerebrovascular responses to hypoxia are fundamentally different from those observed in the adult cerebral circulation. This article discusses the causes and mechanisms of perinatal hypoxia, as well as its early and late postnatal consequences. The study of the pathogenesis of the formation of fetal cerebrovascular disorders, as well as the description of their features are of particular importance for complex diagnostics of pathological obstetric conditions and neurological disorders, and for optimization of therapeutic interventions to reduce perinatal losses.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>перинатальная гипоксия</kwd><kwd>фетальное мозговое кровообращение</kwd><kwd>централизация кровообращения</kwd><kwd>мозговые артерии плода</kwd><kwd>перинатальные исходы</kwd><kwd>perinatal hypoxia</kwd><kwd>fetal cerebral circulation</kwd><kwd>brain sparing effect</kwd><kwd>fetal cerebral artery</kwd><kwd>perinatal outcomes</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пальчик А.Б., Шабалов Н.П. Гипоксическая- ишемическая энцефалопатия новорожденных. М.: Медпресс-информ, 2013. 288 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Пальчик А.Б., Шабалов Н.П. Гипоксическая- ишемическая энцефалопатия новорожденных. М.: Медпресс-информ, 2013. 288 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ananth C.V., Vintzileos A. Epidemiology of preterm birth and its clinical subtypes. J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal. Med. 2006; 19 (12): 773-782.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ananth C.V., Vintzileos A. Epidemiology of preterm birth and its clinical subtypes. J. Matern.-Fetal Neonatal. Med. 2006; 19 (12): 773-782.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Медведев М.В. Основы допплерографии в акушерстве. М.: Реал тайм, 2010. 44 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Медведев М.В. Основы допплерографии в акушерстве. М.: Реал тайм, 2010. 44 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shah P., Riphagen S., Beyene J. et al. Multiorgan dysfunction in infants with post-asphyxial hypoxicishaemic encephalopathy. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal. Ed. 2004; 89: 152-155.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shah P., Riphagen S., Beyene J. et al. Multiorgan dysfunction in infants with post-asphyxial hypoxicishaemic encephalopathy. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal. Ed. 2004; 89: 152-155.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barnett C.P., Perlman M., Ekert P.G. Clinicopathological correlations in postasphyxial organ damage: a donor organ perspective. Pediatrics. 2005; 99 (6): 797-799.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barnett C.P., Perlman M., Ekert P.G. Clinicopathological correlations in postasphyxial organ damage: a donor organ perspective. Pediatrics. 2005; 99 (6): 797-799.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлова Е.М. Особенности позднего неонатального периода у новорожденных, перенесших тяжелую перинатальную гипоксию: Дис.. канд. мед. наук. М., 24. 2009. 304 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Козлова Е.М. Особенности позднего неонатального периода у новорожденных, перенесших тяжелую перинатальную гипоксию: Дис.. канд. мед. наук. М., 24. 2009. 304 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cruz-Martinez R., Oros D., Padilla N. et al. Cerebral blood perfusion and neurobehavioral performance in full-term small-for-gestational-age fetuses. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2009; 201: 474.e1-474.e7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cruz-Martinez R., Oros D., Padilla N. et al. Cerebral blood perfusion and neurobehavioral performance in full-term small-for-gestational-age fetuses. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2009; 201: 474.e1-474.e7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baschat A.A. Neurodevelopment following fetal growth restriction and its relationship with antepartum parameters of placental dysfunction. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2011; 37: 501-514.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baschat A.A. Neurodevelopment following fetal growth restriction and its relationship with antepartum parameters of placental dysfunction. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2011; 37: 501-514.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fleischer A.C., Toy E.C. Sonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology: Principles and Practice. McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011. 1052 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fleischer A.C., Toy E.C. Sonography in Obstetrics and Gynecology: Principles and Practice. McGraw-Hill Companies, 2011. 1052 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benjamin Y.H., Mauricio C. Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury: Imaging Findings from Birth to Adulthood. RadioGraphics. 2008; 28: 417-439.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benjamin Y.H., Mauricio C. Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury: Imaging Findings from Birth to Adulthood. RadioGraphics. 2008; 28: 417-439.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malam itsi-Punchner A., Nikolaouk E.K. Nikolaouk Intrauterine Growth Restriction, Brain-Sparing Effect and Neurotrophins. J. Wom. Health and Dis.: Gyn., Endocr. and Reprod. 2006; 1092: 293-296.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malam itsi-Punchner A., Nikolaouk E.K. Nikolaouk Intrauterine Growth Restriction, Brain-Sparing Effect and Neurotrophins. J. Wom. Health and Dis.: Gyn., Endocr. and Reprod. 2006; 1092: 293-296.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rossi A., Romanello I. Assessment of Fetal Brain Vascularization using Three-Dimensional Power Doppler Ultrasound Angiography in Pregnancies Affected by Late-Onset Fetal Growth Restriction. Pediatrics. 2006; 118: 91-100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rossi A., Romanello I. Assessment of Fetal Brain Vascularization using Three-Dimensional Power Doppler Ultrasound Angiography in Pregnancies Affected by Late-Onset Fetal Growth Restriction. Pediatrics. 2006; 118: 91-100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Salihagi-Kadica., Medic M., Jugovic D. Fetal cerebrovascular response to chronic hypoxia implications for the prevention of brain damage. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal. Med. 2006; 19 (7): 387-396.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Salihagi-Kadica., Medic M., Jugovic D. Fetal cerebrovascular response to chronic hypoxia implications for the prevention of brain damage. J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal. Med. 2006; 19 (7): 387-396.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roza S.J., Steegers E.A.P., Verburg B.O. et al. What Is Spared by Fetal Brain-Sparing? Fetal Circulatory Redistribution and Behavioral Problems in the General Population. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2008; 168 (10): 1145-1152.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roza S.J., Steegers E.A.P., Verburg B.O. et al. What Is Spared by Fetal Brain-Sparing? Fetal Circulatory Redistribution and Behavioral Problems in the General Population. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2008; 168 (10): 1145-1152.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lopez D.O. Perinatal and neurodevelopmental outcome of late-onset growth restricted fetuses. Programa de Doctorat. Barcelona, 2010. 130 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lopez D.O. Perinatal and neurodevelopmental outcome of late-onset growth restricted fetuses. Programa de Doctorat. Barcelona, 2010. 130 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Figueroa-Diesel H., Hernandez-Andrade E., Acosta-Rojas R.et al. Doppler changes in the main fetal brain arteries at different stages of hemodynamic adaptation in severe intrauterine growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2007; 30: 297-302.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Figueroa-Diesel H., Hernandez-Andrade E., Acosta-Rojas R.et al. Doppler changes in the main fetal brain arteries at different stages of hemodynamic adaptation in severe intrauterine growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2007; 30: 297-302.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Барашнев Ю.И. Перинатальная неврология. М.: Триада-Х, 2005. 672 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Барашнев Ю.И. Перинатальная неврология. М.: Триада-Х, 2005. 672 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Geva R., Eshel R. Neuropsycological outcome in children with intrauterine growth restriction: a 9-year prospective study. J. Pediatrics. 2006; 118: 91-100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Geva R., Eshel R. Neuropsycological outcome in children with intrauterine growth restriction: a 9-year prospective study. J. Pediatrics. 2006; 118: 91-100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Geva R., Eshel R., Leitner Y. Memory functions of children born with asymmetric intrauterine growth restriction. Brain. J. Brain. Res. 2006; 1117: 186-194.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Geva R., Eshel R., Leitner Y. Memory functions of children born with asymmetric intrauterine growth restriction. Brain. J. Brain. Res. 2006; 1117: 186-194.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rossi A., Romanello I.F., Fachech G. et al. Evaluation of fetal cerebral blood flow perfusion using power Doppler ultrasound angiography (3D-PDA) in growthrestricted fetuses. J. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2011; 38: 175-180.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rossi A., Romanello I.F., Fachech G. et al. Evaluation of fetal cerebral blood flow perfusion using power Doppler ultrasound angiography (3D-PDA) in growthrestricted fetuses. J. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2011; 38: 175-180.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ferriero D.M. Neonatal brain injury. J. Med. 2004; 35: 1985-1995.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ferriero D.M. Neonatal brain injury. J. Med. 2004; 35: 1985-1995.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tapia J.L. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: incidence, risk factors and resource utilization in a population of South American very low birth weight infants. J. Pediatr. 2006; 82 (1): 15-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tapia J.L. Bronchopulmonary dysplasia: incidence, risk factors and resource utilization in a population of South American very low birth weight infants. J. Pediatr. 2006; 82 (1): 15-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Семенников М.В. Клинико-лабораторные критерии диагностики внутриутробной гипоксии плода и прогнозирование перинатальных исходов у беременных: Автореф. дис.. канд. мед. наук. Челябинск, 2007. 23 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Семенников М.В. Клинико-лабораторные критерии диагностики внутриутробной гипоксии плода и прогнозирование перинатальных исходов у беременных: Автореф. дис.. канд. мед. наук. Челябинск, 2007. 23 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baschat A.A., Cosmi E., Bilardo C.M. et al. Predictors of neonatal outcome in early-onset placental dysfunction. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2007; 109: 253-261.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baschat A.A., Cosmi E., Bilardo C.M. et al. Predictors of neonatal outcome in early-onset placental dysfunction. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2007; 109: 253-261.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Баранов A.A. Состояние здоровья детей как фактор национальной безопасности. Российский педиатрический журнал. 2005; 2: 4-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Баранов A.A. Состояние здоровья детей как фактор национальной безопасности. Российский педиатрический журнал. 2005; 2: 4-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлова Е.М. Особенности позднего неонатального периода у новорожденных, перенесших тяжелую перинатальную гипоксию: Автореф. дис.. канд. мед. наук. Н. Новгород, 2009. 42 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Козлова Е.М. Особенности позднего неонатального периода у новорожденных, перенесших тяжелую перинатальную гипоксию: Автореф. дис.. канд. мед. наук. Н. Новгород, 2009. 42 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бархатов М.В. Использование программы раннего вмешательства в медицинской реабилитации детей с перинатальной энцефалопатией: Автореф. дис.. канд. мед. Красноярск, 2008. 2-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Бархатов М.В. Использование программы раннего вмешательства в медицинской реабилитации детей с перинатальной энцефалопатией: Автореф. дис.. канд. мед. Красноярск, 2008. 2-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Серкина Е.В., Громова О.А., Торшин И.И. и др. Церебролизин облегчает состояние больных с перинатальным поражением ЦНС через модуляцию аутоиммунитета и антиоксидантную защиту. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2008; 108 (11): 62-66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Серкина Е.В., Громова О.А., Торшин И.И. и др. Церебролизин облегчает состояние больных с перинатальным поражением ЦНС через модуляцию аутоиммунитета и антиоксидантную защиту. Журнал неврологии и психиатрии им. С.С. Корсакова. 2008; 108 (11): 62-66.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зубарева Е.А. Комплексная ультразвуковая оценка перинатальных цереброваскулярных нарушений у детей первого года жизни: Автореф. дис. д-ра мед. наук. М., 2006. 55 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Зубарева Е.А. Комплексная ультразвуковая оценка перинатальных цереброваскулярных нарушений у детей первого года жизни: Автореф. дис. д-ра мед. наук. М., 2006. 55 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Forbes K., Westwood M. Maternal growth factor regulation of human placental development and fetal growth. J. Endocrinol. 2010; 207 (1): 1-16.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Forbes K., Westwood M. Maternal growth factor regulation of human placental development and fetal growth. J. Endocrinol. 2010; 207 (1): 1-16.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jamie A.M. Anxiety and depressive disorders in offspring at high risk for anxiety: a meta-analysis. J. Anxiety disorders. 2009; 23 (8): 1158-1164.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jamie A.M. Anxiety and depressive disorders in offspring at high risk for anxiety: a meta-analysis. J. Anxiety disorders. 2009; 23 (8): 1158-1164.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Белоусова Т.В., Ряжина Л.А. Перинатальные поражения центральной нервной системы у новорожденных: Методические рекомендации. СПб.: Медиа-Сфера, 2010. 96 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Белоусова Т.В., Ряжина Л.А. Перинатальные поражения центральной нервной системы у новорожденных: Методические рекомендации. СПб.: Медиа-Сфера, 2010. 96 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Logitharajah P., Rutherford M.A, Cowan F.M Hypoxicischemic encephalopathy in preterm infants: antecedent factors, brain imaging, and outcome. J. Pediatr. Res. 2009; 66 (2): 222-261.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Logitharajah P., Rutherford M.A, Cowan F.M Hypoxicischemic encephalopathy in preterm infants: antecedent factors, brain imaging, and outcome. J. Pediatr. Res. 2009; 66 (2): 222-261.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hutter D., Kingdom J., Jaeggi E. Causes and Mechanisms of Intrauterine Hypoxia and Its Impact on the Fetal Cardiovascular System: A Review. J. Pediatr. 2010; 2010: 9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hutter D., Kingdom J., Jaeggi E. Causes and Mechanisms of Intrauterine Hypoxia and Its Impact on the Fetal Cardiovascular System: A Review. J. Pediatr. 2010; 2010: 9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benirschke K., Kaufmann P., Baergen R.N. Pathology of the Human Placenta. New York: Springer Science, 2006. 380-451.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benirschke K., Kaufmann P., Baergen R.N. Pathology of the Human Placenta. New York: Springer Science, 2006. 380-451.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hampli V., Jakoubek V. Regulation of Fetoplacental Vascular Bed by Hypoxia. Physiol. Res. Czech. Republic. 2009; 58 (2): 87-93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hampli V., Jakoubek V. Regulation of Fetoplacental Vascular Bed by Hypoxia. Physiol. Res. Czech. Republic. 2009; 58 (2): 87-93.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pinar H., Carpenter M. Placenta and Umbilical Cord Abnormalities Seen With Stillbirth. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2010; 53 (3): 656-672.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pinar H., Carpenter M. Placenta and Umbilical Cord Abnormalities Seen With Stillbirth. Clin. Obstet. Gynecol. 2010; 53 (3): 656-672.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cheema R., Dubial M., Gudmundsson S. Fetal brain sparing is strongly related to the degree of increased placental vascular impedance. J. Perinat. Med. 2006; 34 (4): 318-322.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cheema R., Dubial M., Gudmundsson S. Fetal brain sparing is strongly related to the degree of increased placental vascular impedance. J. Perinat. Med. 2006; 34 (4): 318-322.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Агеева М.И. Диагностическое значение допплерографии в оценке функционального состояния плода: Дис.. д-ра мед. наук. M., 2008. 237 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Агеева М.И. Диагностическое значение допплерографии в оценке функционального состояния плода: Дис.. д-ра мед. наук. M., 2008. 237 c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Радзинский В.Е. Экстраэмбриональные и околоплодные структуры при нормальной и осложненной беременности. М.: Медицинское информационное агентство, 2004. 393 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Радзинский В.Е. Экстраэмбриональные и околоплодные структуры при нормальной и осложненной беременности. М.: Медицинское информационное агентство, 2004. 393 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Милованова А.П., Савельева C.B. Внутриутробное развитие человека. М.: МДВ, 2006. 384 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Милованова А.П., Савельева C.B. Внутриутробное развитие человека. М.: МДВ, 2006. 384 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайко H.H., Быця Ю.В. Патологическая физиология. М.: МЕДпресс-информ, 2004. 635 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Зайко H.H., Быця Ю.В. Патологическая физиология. М.: МЕДпресс-информ, 2004. 635 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gabriel R., Grolier F., Graesslin O. Can obstetric care provide further improvement in the outcome of preterm infants? Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2004; 15 (117) Suppl. 1: 8-25.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gabriel R., Grolier F., Graesslin O. Can obstetric care provide further improvement in the outcome of preterm infants? Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2004; 15 (117) Suppl. 1: 8-25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ray J.G., Vermeulen M.J., Schull M.J. et al. Cardiovascular health after maternal placental syndromes (CHAMPS): population-based retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2005; 366 (9499): 1797-1803.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ray J.G., Vermeulen M.J., Schull M.J. et al. Cardiovascular health after maternal placental syndromes (CHAMPS): population-based retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2005; 366 (9499): 1797-1803.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ness R.B., Sibai B.M. Shared and disparate components of the pathophysiologies of fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2006; 195 (1): 40-49.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ness R.B., Sibai B.M. Shared and disparate components of the pathophysiologies of fetal growth restriction and preeclampsia. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2006; 195 (1): 40-49.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Herrera E.A., Pulgar V.M., Riquelme R.A. et al. High-altitude chronic hypoxia during gestation and after birth modifies cardiovascular responses in newborn sheep. Am. J. Physiol. 2007; 292 (6): 2234-2240.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Herrera E.A., Pulgar V.M., Riquelme R.A. et al. High-altitude chronic hypoxia during gestation and after birth modifies cardiovascular responses in newborn sheep. Am. J. Physiol. 2007; 292 (6): 2234-2240.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lausman A.Y., Kingdom J.C., Bradley T.J. et al. Subclinical atherosclerosis in association with elevated placental vascular resistance in early pregnancy. Atherosclerosis. 2009; 206 (1): 33-35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lausman A.Y., Kingdom J.C., Bradley T.J. et al. Subclinical atherosclerosis in association with elevated placental vascular resistance in early pregnancy. Atherosclerosis. 2009; 206 (1): 33-35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Агеева М.И., Озерская И.А., Федорова Е.В. Допплерографическое исследование гемодинамики плода: пособие для врачей. М.: РМАПО, 2006. 4-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Агеева М.И., Озерская И.А., Федорова Е.В. Допплерографическое исследование гемодинамики плода: пособие для врачей. М.: РМАПО, 2006. 4-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sibai B., Dekker G., Kupferminc M. Preeclampsia. Lancet. 2005; 365 (9461): 785-799.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sibai B., Dekker G., Kupferminc M. Preeclampsia. Lancet. 2005; 365 (9461): 785-799.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jayet P.Y., Rimoldi S.F., Stuber T. et al. Pulmonary and systemic vascular dysfunction in young offspring of motherswith preeclampsia. Circulation. 2010; 122 (5): 488-494.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jayet P.Y., Rimoldi S.F., Stuber T. et al. Pulmonary and systemic vascular dysfunction in young offspring of motherswith preeclampsia. Circulation. 2010; 122 (5): 488-494.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meyer K., Zhang L. Fetal programming of cardiac function and disease. Reproductive Sciences. 2007; 14 (3): 209216.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meyer K., Zhang L. Fetal programming of cardiac function and disease. Reproductive Sciences. 2007; 14 (3): 209216.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Webster W.S., Abela D. The effect of hypoxia in development. Birth Defects Research (Part C). 2007; 81 (3) : 215-228.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Webster W.S., Abela D. The effect of hypoxia in development. Birth Defects Research (Part C). 2007; 81 (3) : 215-228.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang L., Xiao D., Hu X. Effect of GMP on pharmacomechanical coupling in the uterine artery of near-term pregnant sheep. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2008; 327 (2): 425-431.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang L., Xiao D., Hu X. Effect of GMP on pharmacomechanical coupling in the uterine artery of near-term pregnant sheep. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2008; 327 (2): 425-431.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">James J.L., Stone P.R., Chamley L.W. The regulation of trophoblast differentiation by oxygen in the first trimester of pregnancy. Human Reproduction Update. 2006; 12 (2): 137-144.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">James J.L., Stone P.R., Chamley L.W. The regulation of trophoblast differentiation by oxygen in the first trimester of pregnancy. Human Reproduction Update. 2006; 12 (2): 137-144.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Julian C.G., Wilson J., Lopez M. et al. Augmented uterine artery blood flow and oxygen delivery protect Andeans from altitude-associated reductions in fetal growth. Am. J. Physiology. 2009; 296 (5): 1564-1575.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Julian C.G., Wilson J., Lopez M. et al. Augmented uterine artery blood flow and oxygen delivery protect Andeans from altitude-associated reductions in fetal growth. Am. J. Physiology. 2009; 296 (5): 1564-1575.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайчик А.Ш., Чурилов Л.П. Основы общей патологии. Часть 1. Основы общей патофизиологии. СПб.: ЭЛБИ, 1999. 624 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Зайчик А.Ш., Чурилов Л.П. Основы общей патологии. Часть 1. Основы общей патофизиологии. СПб.: ЭЛБИ, 1999. 624 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Зайчик А.Ш. ,Чурилов Л.П. Основы общей патологии. Часть 2. Основы патохимии. СПб.: ЭЛБИ, 2000. 688 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Зайчик А.Ш. ,Чурилов Л.П. Основы общей патологии. Часть 2. Основы патохимии. СПб.: ЭЛБИ, 2000. 688 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fukuda S. Hemodinamics of the posterior cerebral arterias in neonates with periventricularis leukomalacia. J. Clin. Ultrasound. 2005; 33: 8-24.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fukuda S. Hemodinamics of the posterior cerebral arterias in neonates with periventricularis leukomalacia. J. Clin. Ultrasound. 2005; 33: 8-24.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Саркисов Д.С. Очерки истории общей патологии. М.: Медицина, 1993. 336 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Саркисов Д.С. Очерки истории общей патологии. М.: Медицина, 1993. 336 c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fahey J., King L. Intrauterine asphyxia: clinical implications for providers of intrapartum care. J. Midwifery Womens Hlth. 2005; 50 (6): 498-506.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fahey J., King L. Intrauterine asphyxia: clinical implications for providers of intrapartum care. J. Midwifery Womens Hlth. 2005; 50 (6): 498-506.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hogan L., Ingemarsson I., Thorngren-Jerneck K. et al. How often is a low 5-min Apgar score in term newborns due to asphyxia? Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2007; 130 (2): 169-175.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hogan L., Ingemarsson I., Thorngren-Jerneck K. et al. How often is a low 5-min Apgar score in term newborns due to asphyxia? Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 2007; 130 (2): 169-175.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhang L. Prenatal hypoxia and cardiac programming. J. Soc Gynecol. Invest. 2005; 12 (1): 2-13.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhang L. Prenatal hypoxia and cardiac programming. J. Soc Gynecol. Invest. 2005; 12 (1): 2-13.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anderson P.J., Doyle L.W. Cognitive and educational deficits in children born extremely preterm. Sem. Perinatol. 2008; 32 (1): 51-58.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anderson P.J., Doyle L.W. Cognitive and educational deficits in children born extremely preterm. Sem. Perinatol. 2008; 32 (1): 51-58.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Halopainen I.E., Lauren H.B. Glutamate signaling in the pathophysiology and therapy of prenatal insults. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2012; 100: 825-834.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halopainen I.E., Lauren H.B. Glutamate signaling in the pathophysiology and therapy of prenatal insults. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2012; 100: 825-834.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gonzalez A. The Etiology and Evolution of Fetal Brain Injury. Croatia, 2012. 294 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gonzalez A. The Etiology and Evolution of Fetal Brain Injury. Croatia, 2012. 294 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Валькович Э.И. Общая и медицинская эмбриология. СПб.: Фолиант, 2003. 317 c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Валькович Э.И. Общая и медицинская эмбриология. СПб.: Фолиант, 2003. 317 c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barnett C.P. Clinicopathological correlations in postasphyxial organ damage: a donor organ perspective. Pediatrics. 2005; 99 (6): 797-799.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barnett C.P. Clinicopathological correlations in postasphyxial organ damage: a donor organ perspective. Pediatrics. 2005; 99 (6): 797-799.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Шабалов Н.П. Неонатология. В 2-х т. Т.1 СПб.: Питер, 2005. 656 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Шабалов Н.П. Неонатология. В 2-х т. Т.1 СПб.: Питер, 2005. 656 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Овсянников Д.Ю., Петрук Н.И., Кузьменко Л.Г Бронхолегочная дисплазия у детей. Педиатрия. 2004; 1: 91-94.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Овсянников Д.Ю., Петрук Н.И., Кузьменко Л.Г Бронхолегочная дисплазия у детей. Педиатрия. 2004; 1: 91-94.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ehrenkranz R.A. Validation of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Definition of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Pediatrics. 2005; 116: 1353-1360.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ehrenkranz R.A. Validation of the National Institutes of Health Consensus Definition of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Pediatrics. 2005; 116: 1353-1360.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sahni R. Is the new definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia more useful? J. Perinatol. 2005; 25 (1): 41-46.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sahni R. Is the new definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia more useful? J. Perinatol. 2005; 25 (1): 41-46.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nasiell J., Papadogiannakis N., Lof E.et al. Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in newborns linked to placental and umbilical cord abnormalities. J. Matern. Fetal. Neonatal. Med. 2015; 1-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nasiell J., Papadogiannakis N., Lof E.et al. Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy in newborns linked to placental and umbilical cord abnormalities. J. Matern. Fetal. Neonatal. Med. 2015; 1-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Halvorsen T. Better care of immature infants; has it influenced long-term pulmonary outcome? Acta Paediatr 2006; 95 (5): 547-554.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Halvorsen T. Better care of immature infants; has it influenced long-term pulmonary outcome? Acta Paediatr 2006; 95 (5): 547-554.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Котлуков В.К., Бычков В.А., Кузьменко, Л.Г. и др. Упорно рецидивирующая обструкция бронхов у часто болеющих детей раннего возраста без атопии. Педиатрия. 2006; 5: 42-47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Котлуков В.К., Бычков В.А., Кузьменко, Л.Г. и др. Упорно рецидивирующая обструкция бронхов у часто болеющих детей раннего возраста без атопии. Педиатрия. 2006; 5: 42-47.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Самсыгина Г.А. Инфекции респираторного тракта у детей раннего возраста. М.: Миклош, 2006. 280 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Самсыгина Г.А. Инфекции респираторного тракта у детей раннего возраста. М.: Миклош, 2006. 280 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Doyle L.W. Victorian Infant Collaborative Study Group. Respiratory function at age 8-9 years in extremely low birthweight/very preterm children born in Victoria in 19911992. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2006; 41 (6): 570-576.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Doyle L.W. Victorian Infant Collaborative Study Group. Respiratory function at age 8-9 years in extremely low birthweight/very preterm children born in Victoria in 19911992. Pediatr. Pulmonol. 2006; 41 (6): 570-576.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bertino E. Postnatal weight increase and growth velocity of very low birthweight infants. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal. Neonatal. Ed. 2006; 91 (5): 349-356.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bertino E. Postnatal weight increase and growth velocity of very low birthweight infants. Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal. Neonatal. Ed. 2006; 91 (5): 349-356.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Telford K. Outcome after neonatal continuous negativepressure ventilation: follow-up assessment. Lancet. 2006; 1 (367): 1080-1085.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Telford K. Outcome after neonatal continuous negativepressure ventilation: follow-up assessment. Lancet. 2006; 1 (367): 1080-1085.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
