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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medvis</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская визуализация</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Visualization</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1607-0763</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2408-9516</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RDS-Media Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24835/1607-0763-1665</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medvis-1665</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Мочевыделительная система</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Urinary system</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Двухуровневая система дифференциальной диагностики солидных новообразований почек на основе мультипараметрического ультразвукового и томографического анализа: разработка и внутренняя валидация критериев</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>A two-level system for differential diagnosis solid renal tumors based on multiparametric ultrasonic and tomographic analysis: development and internal validation of criteria</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2843-6697</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сажина</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sazhinа</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сажина Анна Андреевна – врач-стажер отделения лучевой и радиоизотопной диагностики ФГБУ “Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации – Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр имени А.И. Бурназяна” ФМБА России, Москва<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2843-6697" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2843-6697</ext-link>E-mail: anna_sazhina2000@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Anna A. Sazhina – Intern, Radiology and Radioisotope Diagnostics Department, A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2843-6697" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2843-6697</ext-link>E-mail: anna_sazhina2000@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">anna_sazhina2000@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6986-901X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Васильева</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilyeva</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Васильева Ирина Витальевна – канд. мед. наук, заместитель заведующего центральным организационно-методическим отделом-врач-статистик ФГБУ “Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации – Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр имени А.И. Бурназяна” ФМБА России;доцент кафедры медицинской кибернетики и информатики МБФ им. С.А. Гапаряна ФГАОУ ВО “Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова” Минздрава России, Москва<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6986-901X" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6986-901X</ext-link>E-mail: irinablack2719@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Irina V. Vasilieva – Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Deputy Head of the Department – Physician-Statistician, A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia;associate professor of S.A. Gaparyan Medical Cybernetics and Informatics Department of Medical and Biological Sciences Faculty, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6986-901X" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6986-901X</ext-link>E-mail: irinablack2719@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">irinablack2719@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9645-8408</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ратников</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ratnikov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ратников Вячеслав Альбертович – доктор мед. наук, профессор, генеральный директор ФГБУ “Федеральный научно-клинический центр инфекционных болезней Федерального медико-биологического агентства”; профессор кафедры лучевой диагностики ФГБОУ ВО “Санкт­-Петербургский государственный университет”, Санкт-Петербург<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9645-8408" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9645-8408</ext-link>E-mail: dr.ratnikov@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vyacheslav A. Ratnikov – Doct. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, General Director, Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency;Professor of Radiology Diagnostics Department, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9645-8408" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9645-8408</ext-link>E-mail: dr.ratnikov@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dr.ratnikov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9739-8478</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Удалов</surname><given-names>Ю. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Udalov</surname><given-names>Yu. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Удалов Юрий Дмитриевич – доктор мед. наук, доцент, генеральный директор ФГБУ “Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации – Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр имени А.И. Бурназяна” ФМБА России, Москва<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9739-8478" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9739-8478</ext-link>E-mail: udalov@fmbcfmba.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yuri D. Udalov – Doct. of Sci. (Med.),  Associate Professor, General Director, A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9739-8478" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9739-8478</ext-link>E-mail: udalov@fmbcfmba.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">udalov@fmbcfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2348-4963</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанова</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanova</surname><given-names>Yu. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Степанова Юлия Александровна – доктор мед. наук, профессор, старший научный сотрудник отделения ультразвуковой диагностики ФГБУ “НМИЦ хирургии им. А.В. Вишневского” Минздрава России, Москва<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2348-4963" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2348-4963</ext-link>E-mail: stepanovaua@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Yulia A. Stepanova – Doct. of Sci. (Med.),  Professor, Senior Researcher, Ultrasound Diagnostics Department, A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery, Moscow<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2348-4963" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2348-4963</ext-link>E-mail: stepanovaua@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">stepanovaua@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ “Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации – Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр имени А.И. Бурназяна” ФМБА России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ “Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации – Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр имени А.И. Бурназяна” ФМБА России; &#13;
ФГАОУ ВО “Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова” Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A.I. Burnazyan Federal Medical Biophysical Center of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia; &#13;
Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО “Санкт­-Петербургский государственный университет”; &#13;
ФГБУ “Федеральный научно-клинический центр инфекционных болезней Федерального Медико-биологического агентства”</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Saint­-Petersburg University;&#13;
Federal Scientific and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ “Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр хирургии им. А.В. Вишневского” Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>01</day><month>10</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>30</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>74</fpage><lpage>89</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Сажина А.А., Васильева И.В., Ратников В.А., Удалов Ю.Д., Степанова Ю.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сажина А.А., Васильева И.В., Ратников В.А., Удалов Ю.Д., Степанова Ю.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sazhinа A.A., Vasilyeva I.V., Ratnikov V.A., Udalov Y.D., Stepanova Y.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medvis.rdsmedia.ru/jour/article/view/1665">https://medvis.rdsmedia.ru/jour/article/view/1665</self-uri><abstract><p>Дифференциальная диагностика солидных опухолей почек на этапе стандартного лучевого поиска сопряжена с высокой частотой перекрытия визуализационных признаков, формирующих “серые зоны” между доброкачественными и злокачественными гистотипами.</p><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования: разработать и валидировать двухуровневую систему дифференциальной диагностики солидных опухолей почек на основе интеграции данных литературы и анализа собственного клинического материала.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. На основе систематического анализа метаданных 42 профильных публикаций (12 000 пациентов) были сформулированы первичные критерии модели. Клиническую апробацию алгоритма провели на собственной выборке из 395 пациентов, включавшей светлоклеточный рак (скПКР; n = 258), ангиомиолипомы (АМЛ; n = 35), папиллярный рак (пПКР; n = 32), онкоцитомы (n = 30), хромофобный рак (хПКР; n = 28) и контрольную группу плотных кист Bosniak IIF/III (n = 12). Всем больным выполняли УЗИ с ЦДК, мультифазную МСКТ и мультипараметрическую МРТ (мпМРТ). Математический анализ осуществляли методом бинарной логистической регрессии и ROC-анализа с процедурой бутстреп-валидации (B = 1000).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Сформирована двухкомпонентная кодовая матрица калькулятора, позволяющая дискретно разделять этапы диагностики во времени. Первый уровень (УЗИ+МСКТ) обеспечивает автоматическую сегрегацию до 85% классических паттернов. При обнаружении признаков “серой зоны” сессия архивируется под ID пациента до выполнения экспертного II уровня (мпМРТ). Дифференциация атипичных опухолей на экспертном этапе реализована за счет интеграции функциональных МР-маркеров и расчета критических точек отсечения измеряемого коэффициента диффузии (ИКД) для полярных гистотипов. Общая диагностическая точность итоговой двухуровневой модели на проверочной выборке составила 91,3%.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Внедрение разработанной дискретной двухуровневой системы позволяет прецизионно верифицировать атипичные новообразования почек (мжАМЛ, гиповаскулярный рак, онкоцитомы) на дооперационном этапе, минимизируя частоту инвазивных биопсий и неоправданных хирургических вмешательств.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Differential diagnosis of solid renal tumors at the stage of standard radiological search is associated with a high frequency of overlapping imaging features, forming “gray zones” between benign and malignant histotypes.</p><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Objective: to develop and validate a two-tiered differential diagnosis system for solid renal tumors based on the integration of literature data and analysis of our own clinical data (395 patients).</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. Based on a systematic analysis of metadata from 42 specialized publications (12,000 patients), the primary criteria of the model were formulated. Clinical testing of the algorithm was performed on our own sample of 395 patients, including clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC; n = 258), angiomyolipomas (AML; n = 35), papillary carcinoma (pRCC; n = 32), oncocytomas (n = 30), chromophobe carcinoma (chRCC; n = 28) and a control group of Bosniak IIF/III dense cysts (n = 12). All patients underwent ultrasound with color Doppler imaging, multiphase MSCT and multiparametric MRI (mpMRI). Mathematical analysis was performed using binary logistic regression and ROC analysis with bootstrap validation (B = 1000).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. A two-component code matrix for the calculator was developed, allowing for discrete separation of diagnostic stages over time. The first level (ultrasound + MSCT) automatically segregates up to 85% of classic patterns. If signs of a “gray zone” are detected, the session is archived under a patient ID until the second level (mpMRI) is performed. Differentiation of atypical tumors at the expert stage is achieved through the integration of functional MRI markers and the calculation of critical cutoff points for the measured diffusion coefficient (MDC) for polar histotypes. The overall diagnostic accuracy of the final two-level model on the validation set was 91.3%.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The two-level discrete approach minimizes diagnostic errors in “gray areas” of imaging, optimizes patient routing, and reduces the incidence of unnecessary surgical interventions.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>солидные опухоли почки</kwd><kwd>почечно-клеточный рак</kwd><kwd>онкоцитома</kwd><kwd>ангиомиолипома</kwd><kwd>ультразвуковое исследование</kwd><kwd>цветовое допплеровское картирование</kwd><kwd>мультиспиральная компьютерная томография</kwd><kwd>мультипараметрическая МРТ</kwd><kwd>измеряемый коэффициент диффузии</kwd><kwd>диагностический калькулятор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>solid renal masses</kwd><kwd>renal cell carcinoma</kwd><kwd>renal oncocytoma</kwd><kwd>angiomyolipoma</kwd><kwd>ultrasound</kwd><kwd>Сolor Doppler Imaging</kwd><kwd>multidetector computed tomography</kwd><kwd>apparent multiparametric MRI</kwd><kwd>diffusion coefficient</kwd><kwd>diagnostic calculator</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sung H., Ferlay J., Siegel R.L. et al. 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