<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medvis</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская визуализация</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Visualization</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1607-0763</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2408-9516</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RDS-Media Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24835/1607-0763-1492</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medvis-1492</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ДЕТСКАЯ РЕНТГЕНОЛОГИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>PEDIATRIC RADIOLOGY</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка информативности ультразвуковой диагностики для определения объема гемоперитонеума у детей</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Assessment of the informativeness of ultrasonography for determination of the volume of hemoperitoneum in children</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2494-2735</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пикало</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pikalo</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Пикало Илья Андреевич – канд. мед. наук, заведующий кафедрой симуляционных технологий и экстренной медицинской помощи ФГБОУ ВО “Иркутский государственный медицинский университет” Минздрава России, Иркутск. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2494-2735</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ilia A. Pikalo – Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Head of the Department of Simulation Technologies and Emergency Medical Care Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk.<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2494-2735" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2494-2735</ext-link></p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pikalodoc@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0885-0563</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Подкаменев</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Podkamenev</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Подкаменев Владимир Владимирович – доктор мед. наук, профессор, профессор кафедры симуляционных технологий и экстренной медицинской помощи ФГБОУ ВО “Иркутский государственный медицинский университет” Минздрава России, Иркутск. <ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0885-0563" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0885-0563</ext-link></p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir V. Podkamenev – Doct. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Professor of the Department of Simulation Technologies and Emergency Medical Care Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk.<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0885-0563" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0885-0563</ext-link></p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vpodkamenev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0080-1292</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карабинская</surname><given-names>О. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karabinskaya</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Карабинская Ольга Арнольдовна – канд. мед. наук, ассистент кафедры симуляционных технологий и экстренной медицинской помощи ФГБОУ ВО “Иркутский государственный медицинский университет” Минздрава России, Иркутск. <ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0080-1292" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0080-1292</ext-link></p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ol'ga A. Karabinskaya – Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Assistant of the Department of Simulation Technologies and Emergency Medical Care Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk.<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0080-1292" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0080-1292</ext-link></p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">fastmail164@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9950-9208</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Марченко</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Marchenko</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Марченко Дмитрий Владимирович – канд. мед. наук, доцент, доцент кафедры симуляционных технологий и экстренной медицинской помощи ФГБОУ ВО “Иркутский государственный медицинский университет” Минздрава России, Иркутск. <ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9950-9208" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9950-9208</ext-link></p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dmitri V. Marchenko – Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Assistant professor of the Department of Simulation Technologies and Emergency Medical Care Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk. <ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9950-9208" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9950-9208</ext-link></p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mdv-68@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2790-6681</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акудович</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akudovich</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Акудович Наталья Витальевна – канд. мед. наук, доцент, доцент кафедры симуляционных технологий и экстренной медицинской помощи ФГБОУ ВО “Иркутский государственный медицинский университет” Минздрава России, Иркутск. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2790-6681</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Natalya V. Akudovich – Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Assistant professor of the Department of Simulation Technologies and Emergency Medical Care Irkutsk State Medical University, Irkutsk. <ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2790-6681" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2790-6681</ext-link></p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">meloman00@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7428-3520</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлов</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailov</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Михайлов Николай Иванович – канд. мед. наук, заведующий отделением эндоскопии и ультразвуковой диагностики ОГАУЗ “Городская Ивано-Матренинская детская клиническая больница”, Иркутск.<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7428-3520" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7428-3520</ext-link></p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolai I. Mikhailov – Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Head of the Department of Endoscopy and Ultrasound Diagnostics, Ivano-Matreninsky City Children Clinical Hospital, Irkutsk.<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7428-3520" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7428-3520</ext-link></p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">mni.irk@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7516-7753</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шарапов</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharapov</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шарапов Иван Сергеевич – врач ультразвуковой диагностики отделения эндоскопии и ультразвуковой диагностики ОГАУЗ “Городская Ивано-Матренинская детская клиническая больница”, Иркутск.https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7516-7753</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ivan S. Sharapov – ultrasound diagnosis doctor of the Department of Endoscopy and Ultrasound Diagnostics Ivano-Matreninsky City Children Clinical Hospital, Irkutsk. https://orcid.org/0009-0003-7516-7753</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">endoirk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО “Иркутский государственный медицинский университет” Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Irkutsk State Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ОГАУЗ “Городская Ивано-Матренинская детская клиническая больница”, Иркутск</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Ivano-Matreninskaya City Children Clinical Hospital, Irkutsk</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>2</issue><fpage>108</fpage><lpage>115</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Пикало И.А., Подкаменев В.В., Карабинская О.А., Марченко Д.В., Акудович Н.В., Михайлов Н.И., Шарапов И.С., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Пикало И.А., Подкаменев В.В., Карабинская О.А., Марченко Д.В., Акудович Н.В., Михайлов Н.И., Шарапов И.С.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pikalo I.A., Podkamenev V.V., Karabinskaya O.A., Marchenko D.V., Akudovich N.V., Mikhailov N.I., Sharapov I.S.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medvis.rdsmedia.ru/jour/article/view/1492">https://medvis.rdsmedia.ru/jour/article/view/1492</self-uri><abstract><p>В области детской травмы вопрос оптимального подхода к диагностике объема гемоперитонеума и расчета кровопотери при повреждениях органов брюшной полости имеет важную клиническую значимость.</p><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования: разработать способ ультразвуковой диагностики для точного определения объема свободной жидкости в брюшной полости и изучить его информативность у детей с гемоперитонеумом.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Для расчета объема свободной жидкости при эхосонографии проведен эксперимент на кадаверном материале (10 пострадавших). Для моделирования гидроперитонеума в эпигастральной области устанавливали дренаж, через который порционно вводился изотонический раствор. В дальнейшем проводились УЗИ и расчет поправочных коэффициентов. Оценка информативности метода ультразвуковой диагностики выполнена на основании результатов одномоментного анализа 47 историй болезни пациентов с разрывом селезенки и гемоперитонеумом, находившихся на лечении в период с января 1997 г. по сентябрь 2009 г.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В эксперименте на кадаверном материале при сравнении между истинным объемом и полученным объемом по данным эхосонографии выявлена значимая (p = 0,008) разница 400 (100; 600) мл и 139 (21; 355) мл соответственно. Для оптимизации подсчета объема свободной жидкости по данным УЗИ были рассчитаны поправочные коэффициенты, которые составили 2,36 при малом гидроперитонеуме (до 11 мл/кг), 1,37 при умеренном (11–22 мл/кг) и 1,04 при большом (более 22 мл/кг). В клинической группе проведена оценка информативности эхосонографии с использованием полученных коэффициентов и площади поверхности тела. Выявлено, что полученная формула обладает высокими диагностическими тестами (чувствительность 93–100%; специфичность 88,2–97,7%) для истинного расчета объема гемоперитонеума у детей.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. У детей при выполнении абдоминальной эхосонографии с использованием поправочных коэффициентов можно с высокой точностью рассчитать истинный объем излившейся крови, что необходимо для оценки кровопотери. Полученные результаты позволяют внести вклад в оптимизацию диагностических процедур и улучшить наше понимание в оценке точного объема гемоперитонеума в контексте повреждений органов брюшной полости.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In the field of pediatric trauma, the question of the optimal approach to diagnosing the volume of hemoperitoneum and calculating blood loss in injuries to the abdominal organs is of important clinical significance.</p><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To develop an ultrasound diagnostic method to accurately determine the volume of free fluid in the abdominal cavity and study its informative value in children with hemoperitoneum.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and methods</title><p>Material and methods. To calculate the volume of free fluid during echosonography, an experiment was conducted on cadaver material (10 victims). To simulate hydroperitoneum, a drainage was installed in the epigastrium using a puncture method, through which an isotonic solution was injected into the peritoneal cavity in portions. Subsequently, ultrasound was performed and correction factors were calculated. The assessment of the informativeness of the ultrasound diagnostic method was carried out based on the results of a one-time analysis of 47 case histories of patients with splenic rupture and hemoperitoneum who were treated from January 1997 to September 2009.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. In an experiment on cadaver material, a comparison between the true volume and the obtained volume according to echosonography revealed a significant (p = 0.008) difference of 400 (100; 600) ml and 139 (21; 355) ml, respectively. To optimize the calculation of the volume of free fluid according to ultrasound data, correction factors were calculated, which were 2.36 for low hydroperitoneum (up to 11 ml/kg); 1.37 for moderate (11–22 ml/kg) and 1.04 for large (more than 22 ml/kg). In the clinical group, the information content of ultrasound was assessed using the obtained correction factors and body surface area. It was revealed that the resulting formula has high diagnostic tests (sensitivity 93–100%; specificity 88.2–97.7%) for the true calculation of hemoperitoneum volume in children.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. In children, when performing abdominal echosonography using correction factors, it is possible to calculate with high accuracy the true volume of bloodshed, which is necessary for assessing blood loss. Our results allow us to contribute to the optimization of diagnostic procedures and improve our understanding in assessing the exact volume of hemoperitoneum in the context of abdominal injuries.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>тупая травма живота</kwd><kwd>дети</kwd><kwd>гемоперитонеум</kwd><kwd>ультразвуковая диагностика</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>blunt abdominal trauma</kwd><kwd>children</kwd><kwd>hemoperitoneum</kwd><kwd>ultrasound diagnostics</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stottlemyre R.L., Notrica D.M., Cohen A.S. et al. Hemodilution in pediatric trauma: Defining the expected hemoglobin changes in patients with liver and/or spleen injury: An ATOMAC+ secondary analysis. J. Pediatr. Surg. 2023; 58 (2): 325–329. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2022.10.044</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stottlemyre R.L., Notrica D.M., Cohen A.S. et al. Hemodilution in pediatric trauma: Defining the expected hemoglobin changes in patients with liver and/or spleen injury: An ATOMAC+ secondary analysis. J. Pediatr. Surg. 2023; 58 (2): 325–329. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2022.10.044</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stefanopol I.A., Danila D.M., Voda-Chelmu C. et al. Non-operative Management – The First Option in the Treatment of Blunt Liver and Spleen Trauma in Pediatric Patients. Chirurgia (Bucur). 2024; 119 (1): 65–75. http://doi.org/10.21614/chirurgia.2024.v.119.i.1.p.65</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stefanopol I.A., Danila D.M., Voda-Chelmu C. et al. Non-operative Management – The First Option in the Treatment of Blunt Liver and Spleen Trauma in Pediatric Patients. Chirurgia (Bucur). 2024; 119 (1): 65–75. http://doi.org/10.21614/chirurgia.2024.v.119.i.1.p.65</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Basnet S., Pradhan A., Bade S. et al. Hemoperitoneum among Pediatric Abdominal Trauma Patients Visiting in Emergency Department of a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional study. J. Nepal Med. Assoc. 2023; 61 (257): 59–63. http://doi.org/10.31729/jnma.7520</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Basnet S., Pradhan A., Bade S. et al. Hemoperitoneum among Pediatric Abdominal Trauma Patients Visiting in Emergency Department of a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional study. J. Nepal Med. Assoc. 2023; 61 (257): 59–63. http://doi.org/10.31729/jnma.7520</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hassankhani A., Amoukhteh M., Jannatdoust P. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of incidental findings in computed tomography scans for pediatric trauma patients. Clin. Imaging. 2023; 103: 109981. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2023.109981</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hassankhani A., Amoukhteh M., Jannatdoust P. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of incidental findings in computed tomography scans for pediatric trauma patients. Clin. Imaging. 2023; 103: 109981. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2023.109981</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cioffi S.P., Cimbanassi S., Chiara O. Blunt abdominal trauma: watch and wait. Curr. Opin. Crit. Care. 2023; 29 (6): 674–681. http://doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0000000000001095.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cioffi S.P., Cimbanassi S., Chiara O. Blunt abdominal trauma: watch and wait. Curr. Opin. Crit. Care. 2023; 29 (6): 674–681. http://doi.org/10.1097/MCC.0000000000001095.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hauptmann M., Byrnes G., Cardis E. et al. Brain cancer after radiation exposure from CT examinations of children and young adults: results from the EPI-CT cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2023; 24 (1): 45–53. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(22)00655-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hauptmann M., Byrnes G., Cardis E. et al. Brain cancer after radiation exposure from CT examinations of children and young adults: results from the EPI-CT cohort study. Lancet Oncol. 2023; 24 (1): 45–53. http://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(22)00655-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bosch de Basea Gomez M., Thierry-Chef I., Harbron R. et al. Risk of hematological malignancies from CT radiation exposure in children, adolescents and young adults. Nat. Med. 2023; 29 (12): 3111–3119. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02620-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bosch de Basea Gomez M., Thierry-Chef I., Harbron R. et al. Risk of hematological malignancies from CT radiation exposure in children, adolescents and young adults. Nat. Med. 2023; 29 (12): 3111–3119. http://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02620-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ploussi A., Brountzos E., Rammos S. et al. Radiation Exposure in Pediatric Interventional Procedures. Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. 2021; 44 (6): 857–865. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-020-02752-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ploussi A., Brountzos E., Rammos S. et al. Radiation Exposure in Pediatric Interventional Procedures. Cardiovasc. Intervent. Radiol. 2021; 44 (6): 857–865. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00270-020-02752-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fornari M.J., Lawson S.L. Pediatric Blunt Abdominal Trauma and Point-of-Care Ultrasound. Pediatr. Emerg. Care. 2021; 37 (12): 624–629. http://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000002573</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fornari M.J., Lawson S.L. Pediatric Blunt Abdominal Trauma and Point-of-Care Ultrasound. Pediatr. Emerg. Care. 2021; 37 (12): 624–629. http://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000002573</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Breunig M., Chelf C., Kashiwagi D. Point-of-Care Ultrasound Psychomotor Learning Curves: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J. Ultrasound Med. 2024; Online ahead of print. http://doi.org/10.1002/jum.16477</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Breunig M., Chelf C., Kashiwagi D. Point-of-Care Ultrasound Psychomotor Learning Curves: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J. Ultrasound Med. 2024; Online ahead of print. http://doi.org/10.1002/jum.16477</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nti B.K., Benzoni N., Starr R. et al. Serial Trauma Abdominal Ultrasound in Children (STAUNCH): A Pilot Study. Pediatr. Emerg. Care. 2024; Epub ahead of print. http://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000003208</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nti B.K., Benzoni N., Starr R. et al. Serial Trauma Abdominal Ultrasound in Children (STAUNCH): A Pilot Study. Pediatr. Emerg. Care. 2024; Epub ahead of print. http://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0000000000003208</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim T.A., Kwon J., Kang B.H. Accuracy of Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) in Blunt Abdominal Trauma. Emerg. Med. Int. 2022; 2022: 8290339. http://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8290339</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim T.A., Kwon J., Kang B.H. Accuracy of Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) in Blunt Abdominal Trauma. Emerg. Med. Int. 2022; 2022: 8290339. http://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8290339</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bouzid D., Tran-Dinh A., Lortat-Jacob B. et al.; Bichat stab wounds injury study group. Ultrasonography in thoracic and abdominal stab wound injury: results from the FETTHA study. Emerg. Med. J. 2023; 40 (12): 821–825. http://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2023-213078</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bouzid D., Tran-Dinh A., Lortat-Jacob B. et al.; Bichat stab wounds injury study group. Ultrasonography in thoracic and abdominal stab wound injury: results from the FETTHA study. Emerg. Med. J. 2023; 40 (12): 821–825. http://doi.org/10.1136/emermed-2023-213078</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leo M.M., Potter I.Y., Zahiri M. et al. Using Deep Learning to Detect the Presence and Location of Hemoperitoneum on the Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) Examination in Adults. J. Digit. Imaging. 2023; 36 (5): 2035–2050. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-023-00845-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leo M.M., Potter I.Y., Zahiri M. et al. Using Deep Learning to Detect the Presence and Location of Hemoperitoneum on the Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) Examination in Adults. J. Digit. Imaging. 2023; 36 (5): 2035–2050. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-023-00845-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jensen L.R., Possfelt-Møller E., Nielsen A.E. et al. Accuracy of FAST in detecting intraabdominal bleeding in major trauma with pelvic and/or acetabular fractures: a retrospective cohort study. Eur. J. Orthop. Surg. Traumatol. 2024; 34 (3): 1479–1486. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00590-023-03813-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jensen L.R., Possfelt-Møller E., Nielsen A.E. et al. Accuracy of FAST in detecting intraabdominal bleeding in major trauma with pelvic and/or acetabular fractures: a retrospective cohort study. Eur. J. Orthop. Surg. Traumatol. 2024; 34 (3): 1479–1486. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00590-023-03813-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin K.T., Lin Z.Y., Huang C.C. et al. Prehospital ultrasound scanning for abdominal free fluid detection in trauma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Emerg. Med. 2024; 24 (1): 7. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-023-00919-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin K.T., Lin Z.Y., Huang C.C. et al. Prehospital ultrasound scanning for abdominal free fluid detection in trauma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Emerg. Med. 2024; 24 (1): 7. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12873-023-00919-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Анастасов А.Г., Щербинин А.В., Зубрилова Е.Г. Внутрибрюшное кровотечение/шок и особенности гомеостаза у детей с изолированной тупой травмой живота, разрывом селезенки. Военная и тактическая медицина, медицина неотложных состояний. 2022; 1 (3): 35–38. http://doi.org/10.55359/u0344-4105-0080-k</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Анастасов А.Г., Щербинин А.В., Зубрилова Е.Г. Внутрибрюшное кровотечение/шок и особенности гомеостаза у детей с изолированной тупой травмой живота, разрывом селезенки. Военная и тактическая медицина, медицина неотложных состояний. 2022; 1 (3): 35–38. http://doi.org/10.55359/u0344-4105-0080-k</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katsura M., Fukuma S., Kuriyama A. et al. Association between contrast extravasation on computed tomography scans and pseudoaneurysm formation in pediatric blunt splenic and hepatic injury: A multi-institutional observational study. J. Pediatr. Surg. 2020; 55 (4): 681–687. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.07.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katsura M., Fukuma S., Kuriyama A. et al. Association between contrast extravasation on computed tomography scans and pseudoaneurysm formation in pediatric blunt splenic and hepatic injury: A multi-institutional observational study. J. Pediatr. Surg. 2020; 55 (4): 681–687. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2019.07.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Savoia P., Jayanthi S.K., Chammas M.C. Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST). J. Med. Ultrasound. 2023; 31 (2): 101–106. http://doi.org/10.4103/jmu.jmu_12_23</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Savoia P., Jayanthi S.K., Chammas M.C. Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST). J. Med. Ultrasound. 2023; 31 (2): 101–106. http://doi.org/10.4103/jmu.jmu_12_23</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alvear-Vasquez F., Vidal-Espinoza R., Gomez-Campos R. et al. Body surface area is a predictor of maturity status in school children and adolescents. BMC Pediatr. 2023; 23 (1): 410. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04222-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alvear-Vasquez F., Vidal-Espinoza R., Gomez-Campos R. et al. Body surface area is a predictor of maturity status in school children and adolescents. BMC Pediatr. 2023; 23 (1): 410. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04222-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Knudson M.M., Lim Jr R.C., Oakes D.D., Jeffrey Jr R.B. Nonoperative management of blunt liver injuries in adults: the need for continued surveillance. J. Trauma. 1990; 30 (12): 1494–1500. http://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199012000-00009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Knudson M.M., Lim Jr R.C., Oakes D.D., Jeffrey Jr R.B. Nonoperative management of blunt liver injuries in adults: the need for continued surveillance. J. Trauma. 1990; 30 (12): 1494–1500. http://doi.org/10.1097/00005373-199012000-00009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Цап Н.А., Комарова С.Ю., Огарков И.П., Чукреев В.И. Диагностическое и тактическое значение экстренной и динамической ультрасонографии при абдоминальной травме у детей. Вестник Уральской медицинской академической науки. 2010; 31 (3): 55–59.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tsap N.A., Komarova S.U., Ogarkov I.P., Chukreev V.I. The diagnostic and tactical significance of emergency and dinamic ultrasonography in case of the abdominal trauma in children. Journal of Ural medical academic science. 2010; 31 (3): 55–59 (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Апарцин К.А., Беляева О.А., Григорьев Е.Г., Ольхова Е.Б., Пикало И.А., Подкаменев В.В., Розинов В.М. Травма селезенки. В кн.: Абдоминальные травмы у детей / Под ред. В.В. Подкаменева, В.М. Розинова, Е.Г. Григорьева, Ю.А. Козлова. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2019: 72–120.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Apartsin K.A., Belyaeva O.A., Grigoriev E.G. et al. Spleen injury. In: Abdominal injuries in children / Podkamenev V.V., Rozinov V.M., Grigoriev E.G., Kozlov Yu.A. (eds) M.: GEOTAR-Media; 2019: 72–120 (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Горелик А.Л., Карасева О.В. Тактика хирурга при травме селезенки у детей. Opinion Leader. 2019; 20 (2): 52–57.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gorelik A.L., Karaseva O.V. Surgeon's tactics for splenic injury in children. Opinion Leader. 2019; 20 (2): 52–57 (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Baqué P., Iannelli A., Dausse F. et al. A new method to approach exact hemoperitoneum volume in a splenic trauma model using ultrasonography. Surg. Radiol. Anat. 2005; 27 (3): 249–253. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-004-0307-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baqué P., Iannelli A., Dausse F. et al. A new method to approach exact hemoperitoneum volume in a splenic trauma model using ultrasonography. Surg. Radiol. Anat. 2005; 27 (3): 249–253. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00276-004-0307-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
