<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medvis</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская визуализация</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Visualization</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1607-0763</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2408-9516</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RDS-Media Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24835/1607-0763-1483</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medvis-1483</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ТЕХНОЛОГИИ ЛУЧЕВОЙ ДИАГНОСТИКИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RADIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGIES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Оценка диагностической ценности глубокого машинного обучения для автоматизированной сегментации паренхимы поджелудочной железы и ее гипо- и гиперваскулярных образований по КТ-изображениям с помощью U-net нейросети</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Deep Machine Learning for Automatic Segmentation of the Pancreatic Parenchyma and its hypo- and hypervascular lesions on CT Images</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-6613</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Замятина</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zamyatina</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Замятина Ксения Андреевна – аспирант по специальности “лучевая диагностика” ФГБУ “НМИЦ хирургии им. А.В. Вишневского” Минздрава России, Москваhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-6613E-mail: catos-zama@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ksenia A. Zamyatina – Resident of A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-6613" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1643-6613</ext-link>E-mail: catos-zama@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">catos.zama@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8117-6670</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жарикова</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zharikova</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Жарикова Александра Витальевна – ординатор по специальности “лучевая диагностика” ФГБУ “НМИЦ хирургии им. А.В. Вишневского” Минздрава России, Москва<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8117-6670" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8117-6670</ext-link>E-mail: zha-vit@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexandra V. Zharikova – Resident Physician of radiology department, A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Centre of Surgery, Moscow<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8117-6670" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8117-6670</ext-link>E-mail: zha-vit@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">zha-vit@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7070-3391</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кондратьев</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kondratyev</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кондратьев Евгений Валерьевич – канд. мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник ФГБУ “НМИЦ хирургии им. А.В. Вишневского” Минздрава России, Москва<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7070-3391" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7070-3391</ext-link>E-mail: evgenykondratiev@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Evgeniy V. Kondratyev – Cand. of Sci. (Med.), senior researcher officer of A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Centre of Surgery, Moscow<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7070-3391" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7070-3391</ext-link>E-mail: evgenykondratiev@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">evgenykondratiev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9267-8584</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Усталов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ustalov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Усталов Андрей Александрович – ординатор по специальности “рентгенология”  ФГБУ “НМИЦ хирургии им. А.В. Вишневского” Минздрава России, Москва<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9267-8584" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9267-8584</ext-link>E-mail: andreiustalov@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey A. Ustalov – postgraduate student, Radiology Department of A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Centre of Surgery, Moscow<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9267-8584" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9267-8584</ext-link>E-mail: andreiustalov@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">andreiustalov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4404-5222</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Староверов</surname><given-names>Н. Е.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Staroverov</surname><given-names>N. E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Староверов Николай Евгеньевич – канд. техн. наук, ассистент кафедры электронных приборов и устройств Санкт-Петербургского государственного электротехнического университета “ЛЭТИ” им. В.И. Ульянова (Ленина), Санкт-Петербург<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4404-5222" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4404-5222</ext-link>E-mail: nik0205st@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolay E. Staroverov – candidate in technical sciences, assistant at the department of electronic devices in Saint-Petersburg State Electrotechnical University, St.-Petersburg<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4404-5222" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4404-5222</ext-link>E-mail: nik0205st@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">nik0205st@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6601-8884</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нефедьев</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Nefedev</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Нефедьев Николай Алексеевич – аспирант по специальности “теоретическая информатика, кибернетика” ФГБУ ВО и науки “Санкт-Петербургский национальный исследовательский Академический университет имени Ж.И. Алферова Российской академии наук”, Санкт-Петербург<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6601-8884" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6601-8884</ext-link>E-mail: Nikolay-Nefedev@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nikolay A. Nefedev – postgraduate student, Department of Theoretical Computer Science and Cybernetics, Alferov Federal State Budgetary Institution of Higher Education and Science Saint Petersburg National Research Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St.-Petersburg<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6601-8884" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6601-8884</ext-link>E-mail: Nikolay-Nefedev@yandex.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Nikolay-Nefedev@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9295-9821</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гожева</surname><given-names>А. Р.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gozheva</surname><given-names>A. R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гожева Алла Романовна – студентка ФГБОУ ВО “Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет” Минздрава России, Санкт-Петербург<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9295-9821" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9295-9821</ext-link>E-mail: gozhevaaa@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alla R. Gozheva – student of Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution Of Higher Education Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, St.-Petersburg<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9295-9821" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9295-9821</ext-link>E-mail: gozhevaaa@mail.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">gozhevaaa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5724-2763</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шмелева</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shmeleva</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Шмелева София Антоновна – ординатор первого года по специальности “рентгенология” ФГБУ “НМИЦ хирургии им. А.В. Вишневского” Минздрава России, Москва<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5724-2763" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5724-2763</ext-link>E-mail: sofiyaontonovna@gmail.com</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Sofia A. Shmeleva – first year postgraduate student, Radiology Department of A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Centre of Surgery, Moscow<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5724-2763" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5724-2763</ext-link>E-mail: sofiyaontonovna@gmail.com</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sofiyaontonovna@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9357-0998</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кармазановский</surname><given-names>Г. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Karmazanovsky</surname><given-names>G. G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кармазановский Григорий Григорьевич – академик РАН, доктор мед. наук, профессор, заведующий отделом лучевых методов диагностики и лечения ФГБУ “НМИЦ хирургии им. А.В. Вишневского” Минздрава России;профессор кафедры лучевой диагностики и терапии медико­биологического факультета ФГБОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России, Москва<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000%C2%AD0002%C2%AD9357%C2%AD0998" ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-­0002-­9357­-0998</ext-link>E­mail: karmazanovsky@ixv.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Grigory G. Karmazanovsky – Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) Full Member, Doct. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Heаd of the Diagnostic Rаdiology Depаrtment at the А.V. Vishnevsky Nаtionаl Mediсаl Reseаrсh Сenter of Surgery;Professor of radiology department, Pirogov Russian national research medical university, Moscow<ext-link xlink:href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9357-0998." ext-link-type="uri">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9357-0998</ext-link>E-mail: karmazanovsky@ixv.ru</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">karmazanovsky@ixv.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-6"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ “Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр хирургии им. А.В. Вишневского” Минздрава России; Филиал “Онкологический центр №1” ГБУЗ города Москвы “Городская клиническая больница имени С.С. Юдина ДЗ города Москвы”</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation; Branch “Oncology Center No. 1” S.S. Yudin City Clinical Hospital of Moscow Healthcare Department</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ “Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр хирургии им. А.В. Вишневского” Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО “Санкт-Петербургский государственный электротехнический университет “ЛЭТИ” им. В.И. Ульянова (Ленина)”</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ высшего образования и науки “Санкт-Петербургский национальный исследовательский Академический университет имени Ж.И. Алферова Российской академии наук”</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Alferov Federal State Budgetary Institution of Higher Education and Science Saint Petersburg National Research Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Alferov University)</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-5"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБОУ ВО “Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет” Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-6"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГБУ “Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр хирургии им. А.В. Вишневского” Минздрава России; &#13;
ФГАОУ ВО РНИМУ им. Н.И. Пирогова Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>07</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>12</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Замятина К.А., Жарикова А.В., Кондратьев Е.В., Усталов А.А., Староверов Н.Е., Нефедьев Н.А., Гожева А.Р., Шмелева С.А., Кармазановский Г.Г., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Замятина К.А., Жарикова А.В., Кондратьев Е.В., Усталов А.А., Староверов Н.Е., Нефедьев Н.А., Гожева А.Р., Шмелева С.А., Кармазановский Г.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zamyatina K.A., Zharikova A.V., Kondratyev E.V., Ustalov A.A., Staroverov N.E., Nefedev N.A., Gozheva A.R., Shmeleva S.A., Karmazanovsky G.G.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medvis.rdsmedia.ru/jour/article/view/1483">https://medvis.rdsmedia.ru/jour/article/view/1483</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования: создание и оценка эффективности технологии сегментации паренхимы поджелудочной железы (ПЖ), а также сегментации и детекции ее гипер- и гиповаскулярных образований на компьютерных томограммах органов брюшной полости с использованием глубокого машинного обучения.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. Для обучения алгоритмов были использованы КТ-исследования из базы данных НМИЦ хирургии им. А.В. Вишневского – общий объем около 150 исследований (артериальная и портальная фазы исследования). Для валидации полученных алгоритмов был подготовлен тестовый набор данных из 46 анонимизированных КТ-исследований (артериальная и портальная фазы исследования), независимо оцененных врачами-экспертами. В качестве основной сегментационной нейросети (ИНС) используется nn-UNet (M. Antonelli и соавт., 2022)..</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Средняя точность тестового набора данных для модели, определяющей сегментационные маски ПЖ на КТ-изображениях, AUC составила – 0,8 для портальной фазы и – 0,85 для артериальной фазы, сегментационные маски образований поджелудочной железы – 0,6.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Автоматизированная сегментация структуры паренхимы ПЖ с использованием технологий глубокого машинного обучения показала высокую точность. Сегментация гипо- и гиперваскулярных образований ПЖ требует совершенствования. Совпадение масок показало достаточно низкий результат, однако во всех случаях место расположения патологического образования было отмечено алгоритмом правильно. Совершенствование обучающего дата-сета и используемого алгоритма может увеличить точность алгоритма. При детекции образований ПЖ ложноотрицательных результатов получено не было, во всех случаях ИНС детектировала “подозрительные” области паренхимы ПЖ. Это может помочь снизить пропуски патологий ПЖ по компьютерным томограммам, а дальнейшую их оценку может осуществлять сам врач-рентгенолог.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Objective of the study</title><p>Objective of the study. To develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a technology for  segmenting the pancreatic parenchyma and its hyper- and hypovascular lesions on abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans using deep machine learning.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. CT scans from the database of the A.V. Vishnevsky National Medical Research Center of Surgery were used for training and testing the algorithms – a total number of approximately 150 studies (arterial and venous phases). A test dataset of 46 anonymized CT scans (arterial and venous phases) was prepared for validation of the obtained algorithms, independently assessed by expert physicians. The primary segmentation neural network used is nn-UNet (M. Antonelli et al., 2022).</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The average accuracy of the test dataset for the model determining segmentation masks of the pancreas on CT images had an AUC of 0.8 for the venous phase and 0.85 for the arterial phase. The segmentation masks of pancreatic formations had an AUC of 0.6.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. Automated segmentation of the pancreatic parenchyma structure using deep machine learning technologies demonstrated high accuracy. However, the segmentation of hypo- and hypervascular pancreatic lesions requires improvement. The overlap of the masks showed a rather low result, but in all cases, the location of the pathological formation was correctly identified by the algorithm. Enhancing the training dataset and the algorithm used could increase the accuracy of the algorithm.</p><p>No false negative results were obtained when detecting pancreatic formations; in all cases, the INS detected “suspicious” areas of the pancreatic parenchyma. This can help reduce the omission of pancreatic pathologies in CT scans, and their further assessment can be carried out by the radiologist himself.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>КТ</kwd><kwd>поджелудочная железа</kwd><kwd>образования поджелудочной железы</kwd><kwd>машинное обучение</kwd><kwd>искусственные нейронные сети</kwd><kwd>сегментация</kwd><kwd>трансферное обучение</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>CT</kwd><kwd>pancreas</kwd><kwd>pancreatic lesions</kwd><kwd>machine learning</kwd><kwd>deep convolutional neural networks</kwd><kwd>segmentation</kwd><kwd>transfer learning</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Isensee F., Petersen J., Klein A. et al. nnU-Net: Self-adapting Framework for U-Net-Based Medical Image Segmentation. arXiv; 2018; 2. https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.10486 .https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1809.10486</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isensee F., Petersen J., Klein A. et al. nnU-Net: Self-adapting Framework for U-Net-Based Medical Image Segmentation. arXiv; 2018; 2. https://arxiv.org/abs/1809.10486 .https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1809.10486</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ronneberger O., Fischer P., Brox T. U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation. arXiv; 2015; 2. https://arxiv.org/abs/1505.04597. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1505.04597</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ronneberger O., Fischer P., Brox T. U-Net: Convolutional Networks for Biomedical Image Segmentation. arXiv; 2015; 2. https://arxiv.org/abs/1505.04597. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1505.04597</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kenner B., Chari S.T., Kelsen D. et al. Artificial Intelligence and Early Detection of Pancreatic Cancer: 2020 Summative Review. Pancreas. 2021; 50 (3): 251–279. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPA.0000000000001762</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kenner B., Chari S.T., Kelsen D. et al. Artificial Intelligence and Early Detection of Pancreatic Cancer: 2020 Summative Review. Pancreas. 2021; 50 (3): 251–279. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPA.0000000000001762</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mello-Thoms C., Mello C.A.B. Clinical applications of artificial intelligence in radiology. Br. J. Radiol. 2023; 96 (1150): 20221031. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20221031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mello-Thoms C., Mello C.A.B. Clinical applications of artificial intelligence in radiology. Br. J. Radiol. 2023; 96 (1150): 20221031. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20221031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anghel C., Grasu M.C., Anghel D.A. et al. Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Imaging Modalities and the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Analyzing CT and MRI Images. Diagnostics (Basel). 2024; 14 (4): 438. https://doi:10.3390/diagnostics14040438</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anghel C., Grasu M.C., Anghel D.A. et al. Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Imaging Modalities and the Role of Artificial Intelligence in Analyzing CT and MRI Images. Diagnostics (Basel). 2024; 14 (4): 438. https://doi:10.3390/diagnostics14040438</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chu L.C., Park S., Kawamoto S. et al. Application of Deep Learning to Pancreatic Cancer Detection: Lessons Learned From Our Initial Experience. J. Am. Coll. Radiol. 2019; 16 (9 Pt B): 1338–1342. https://doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2019.05.034</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chu L.C., Park S., Kawamoto S. et al. Application of Deep Learning to Pancreatic Cancer Detection: Lessons Learned From Our Initial Experience. J. Am. Coll. Radiol. 2019; 16 (9 Pt B): 1338–1342. https://doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2019.05.034</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zou K.H., Warfield S.K., Bharatha A. et al. Statistical validation of image segmentation quality based on a spatial overlap index. Academic radiology. 2004; 11 (2): 178–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1076-6332(03)00671-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zou K.H., Warfield S.K., Bharatha A. et al. Statistical validation of image segmentation quality based on a spatial overlap index. Academic radiology. 2004; 11 (2): 178–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1076-6332(03)00671-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ni H., Zhou G., Chen X. et al. Predicting Recurrence in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma after Radical Surgery Using an AX-Unet Pancreas Segmentation Model and Dynamic Nomogram. Bioengineering (Basel). 2023; 10 (7): 828. https://doi:10.3390/bioengineering10070828</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ni H., Zhou G., Chen X. et al. Predicting Recurrence in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma after Radical Surgery Using an AX-Unet Pancreas Segmentation Model and Dynamic Nomogram. Bioengineering (Basel). 2023; 10 (7): 828. https://doi:10.3390/bioengineering10070828</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mahmoudi T., Kouzahkanan Z.M., Radmard A.R. et al. Segmentation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and surrounding vessels in CT images using deep convolutional neural networks and texture descriptors. Sci. Rep. 2022; 12 (1): 3092. https://doi:10.1038/s41598-022-07111-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mahmoudi T., Kouzahkanan Z.M., Radmard A.R. et al. Segmentation of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and surrounding vessels in CT images using deep convolutional neural networks and texture descriptors. Sci. Rep. 2022; 12 (1): 3092. https://doi:10.1038/s41598-022-07111-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Antonelli M., Reinke A., Bakas S. et al. The Medical Segmentation Decathlon. Nat. Commun. 2022; 13 (1): 4128. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30695-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Antonelli M., Reinke A., Bakas S. et al. The Medical Segmentation Decathlon. Nat. Commun. 2022; 13 (1): 4128. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30695-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li J., Qi L., Chen Q. et al. A dual meta-learning framework based on idle data for enhancing segmentation of pancreatic cancer. Medical Image Analysis. 2022; 78: 102342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2021.102342</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li J., Qi L., Chen Q. et al. A dual meta-learning framework based on idle data for enhancing segmentation of pancreatic cancer. Medical Image Analysis. 2022; 78: 102342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.media.2021.102342</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Miao Q., Wang X., Cui J. et al. Artificial intelligence to predict T4 stage of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma using CT imaging. Comput. Biol. Med. 2024; 171: 108125. https://doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108125</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Miao Q., Wang X., Cui J. et al. Artificial intelligence to predict T4 stage of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma using CT imaging. Comput. Biol. Med. 2024; 171: 108125. https://doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108125</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tikhonova V.S., Karmazanovsky G.G., Kondratyev E.V. et al. Radiomics model-based algorithm for preoperative prediction of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma grade. Eur. Radiol. 2023; 33 (2): 1152–1161. https://doi:10.1007/s00330-022-09046-1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tikhonova V.S., Karmazanovsky G.G., Kondratyev E.V. et al. Radiomics model-based algorithm for preoperative prediction of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma grade. Eur. Radiol. 2023; 33 (2): 1152–1161. https://doi:10.1007/s00330-022-09046-1</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alves N., Schuurmans M., Litjens G. et al. Fully Automatic Deep Learning Framework for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Detection on Computed Tomography. Cancers (Basel). 2022; 14 (2): 376. https://doi:10.3390/cancers14020376</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alves N., Schuurmans M., Litjens G. et al. Fully Automatic Deep Learning Framework for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Detection on Computed Tomography. Cancers (Basel). 2022; 14 (2): 376. https://doi:10.3390/cancers14020376</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fedorov A., Beichel R., Kalpathy-Cramer J. et al. 3D Slicer as an image computing platform for the Quantitative Imaging Network. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 2012; 30 (9): 1323–1341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2012.05.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fedorov A., Beichel R., Kalpathy-Cramer J. et al. 3D Slicer as an image computing platform for the Quantitative Imaging Network. Magn. Reson. Imaging. 2012; 30 (9): 1323–1341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2012.05.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ronneberger O., Fischer P., Brox T. U-Net: Convolutional networksfor biomedical image segmentation, in Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention. MICCAI; 2015, Springer, 9351 (2015): 234–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24574-4_28</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ronneberger O., Fischer P., Brox T. U-Net: Convolutional networksfor biomedical image segmentation, in Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention. MICCAI; 2015, Springer, 9351 (2015): 234–241. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24574-4_28</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wasserthal J., Breit H.C., Meyer M.T. et al. TotalSegmentator: Robust Segmentation of 104 Anatomic Structures in CT Images. Radiol. Artif. Intell. 2023; 5 (5): e230024. https://doi.org/10.1148/ryai.230024</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wasserthal J., Breit H.C., Meyer M.T. et al. TotalSegmentator: Robust Segmentation of 104 Anatomic Structures in CT Images. Radiol. Artif. Intell. 2023; 5 (5): e230024. https://doi.org/10.1148/ryai.230024</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Roth H., Farag A., Turkbey E.B. et al.. Data From Pancreas-CT (Version 2) [Data set]. The Cancer Imaging Archive. 2016. https://doi.org/10.7937/K9/TCIA.2016.tNB1kqBU</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Roth H., Farag A., Turkbey E.B. et al.. Data From Pancreas-CT (Version 2) [Data set]. The Cancer Imaging Archive. 2016. https://doi.org/10.7937/K9/TCIA.2016.tNB1kqBU</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cai Y., Long Y., Han Z. et al. Swin Unet3D: a three-dimensional medical image segmentation network combining vision transformer and convolution. BMC Med. Inform. Deci.s Mak. 2023; 23 (1): 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-023-02129-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cai Y., Long Y., Han Z. et al. Swin Unet3D: a three-dimensional medical image segmentation network combining vision transformer and convolution. BMC Med. Inform. Deci.s Mak. 2023; 23 (1): 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-023-02129-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
