<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">medvis</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Медицинская визуализация</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Medical Visualization</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">1607-0763</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2408-9516</issn><publisher><publisher-name>RDS-Media Ltd.</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24835/1607-0763-1392</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">medvis-1392</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СЕРДЦЕ И СОСУДЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>HEART AND VESSELS</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Особенности эхографической картины диссекций эктракраниальных отделов брахиоцефальных артерий</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Echographic pattern features of dissections of the extracranial parts of the brachiocephalic arteries</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4755-7565</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Орлова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Orlova</surname><given-names>Ekaterina V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Орлова Екатерина Владимировна – канд. мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник отдела экспериментальной и клинической физиологии кровообращения, ультразвуковой и функциональной диагностики ФГБУ “Федеральный центр мозга и нейротехнологий” ФМБА России, Москва.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ekaterina V. Orlova – Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology of Circulation, Ultrasound and Functional Diagnostics Federal center of brain research and neurotechnologies” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ekaterina.shlyk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5387-4367</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бердалин</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Berdalin</surname><given-names>Alexander B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бердалин Александр Берикович – канд. мед. наук, старший научный сотрудник ФГБУ “Федеральный центр мозга и нейротехнологий” ФМБА России, Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander B. Berdalin – Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Senior Researcher, Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alex_berdalin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3429-3708</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хайцман</surname><given-names>Д. М.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khaitsman</surname><given-names>Darya M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Хайцман Дарья Михайловна – научный сотрудник отдела экспериментальной и клинической физиологии кровообращения, ультразвуковой и функциональной диагностики ФГБУ “Федеральный центр мозга и нейротехнологий” ФМБА России, Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Darya M. Khaitsman – Researcher, Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology of Circulation, Ultrasound and Functional Diagnostics Federal center of brain research and neurotechnologies” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">tar-yes@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9690-8325</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лелюк</surname><given-names>В. Г.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lelyuk</surname><given-names>Vladimir G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лелюк Владимир Геннадьевич – доктор мед. наук, профессор, руководитель отдела клинической и экспериментальной физиологии кровообращения ФГБУ “Федеральный центр мозга и нейротехнологий” ФМБА России, Москва</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vladimir G. Lelyuk – Doct. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of Department clinical and experimental physiology of circulatory system, ultrasound and functional diagnostics, Federal center of brain research and neurotechnologies” of the Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vglelyuk@fccps.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8428-8037</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лелюк</surname><given-names>С. Э.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lelyuk</surname><given-names>Svetlana E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лелюк Светлана Эдуардовна – доктор мед. наук, профессор, профессор кафедры ультразвуковой диагностики ФГБОУ ДПО “Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования” Минздрава России, Москва</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Svetlana E. Lelyuk – Doct. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Professor of the Department of Ultrasound Diagnostics, Russian Medical Academy of Continuing Professional, Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">se_lelyuk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-1"><institution>ФГБУ “Федеральный центр мозга и нейротехнологий” ФМБА России</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="ru" id="aff-2"><institution>ФГБОУ ДПО “Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования” Минздрава России</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>10</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>28</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>77</fpage><lpage>88</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Орлова Е.В., Бердалин А.Б., Хайцман Д.М., Лелюк В.Г., Лелюк С.Э., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Орлова Е.В., Бердалин А.Б., Хайцман Д.М., Лелюк В.Г., Лелюк С.Э.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Orlova E.V., Berdalin A.B., Khaitsman D.M., Lelyuk V.G., Lelyuk S.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://medvis.rdsmedia.ru/jour/article/view/1392">https://medvis.rdsmedia.ru/jour/article/view/1392</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования: определение частоты различных ультразвуковых признаков диссекций экстракраниальных отделов брахиоцефальных артерий, а также сопоставление результатов ультразвукового и нейровизуализирующих методов исследования в диагностике диссекций.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. В исследование включены сведения о 108 пациентах, среди них 44 (40,7%) женщины, 64 (59,3%) мужчины, средний возраст составил 56 ± 14 лет. Всем пациентам было проведено ДС БЦА, 53 пациентам КТ-АГ, 99 пациентам МРТ.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Чувствительность ДС БЦА при первичной диагностике диссекций в нашем исследовании составила 97,2%. У 40 (37%) пациентов наличие диссекции по данным дуплексного сканирования также подтверждалось при проведении КТ-АГ или МРТ. Расширение диаметра сосуда и наличие интрамуральной гематомы (ИМГ), а также их сочетание оказались наиболее часто встречающимися ультразвуковыми признаками диссекций в нашем исследовании. Умеренная эхогенность ИМГ отмечалась достоверно чаще в случаях, если диссекция не подтверждалась данными КТ-АГ или МРТ (p = 0,018). Из всех ультразвуковых признаков диссекций наибольшая доля совпадения с признаками, полученными при нейровизуализирующих методах диагностики, имела место при ИМГ.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Наиболее часто регистрируемыми ультразвуковыми признаками диссекций оказались расширение диаметра сосуда и наличие ИМГ, а также их сочетание. Результаты исследования показали высокую чувствительность ультразвукового метода в выявлении диссекций, особенно в подострой и хронической стадии, а также при дифференциальной диагностике патологий БЦА для установления причин развития ишемического инсульта.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Purpose</title><p>Purpose: to determine the frequency of various ultrasound signs of dissections of the extracranial parts of the brachiocephalic arteries, as well as to compare the results of ultrasound and neuroimaging methods in the diagnostics of dissections.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and methods</title><p>Materials and methods. The study included data on 108 patients, among them 44 (40.7%) women, 64 (59.3%) men, mean age was 56 ± 14 years. All patients underwent duplex scanning of the brachiocephalic arteries, 53 patients underwent CT-angiography, and 99 patients underwent MRI.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The sensitivity of duplex scanning in the primary diagnosis of dissections in our study was 97.2%. In 40 patients (37%) with dissections according to duplex scanning the presence of dissection was also confirmed on CT-angiography or MRI. Expansion of the vessel diameter and the presence of intramural hematoma (IMH), as well as their combination, were the most common ultrasound signs of dissections in our study. In cases where dissection was not confirmed by CT-angiography or MRI data moderate echogenicity of IMH was noted significantly more often (p = 0.018). Of all the ultrasound signs of dissections, the highest share of coincidence with the signs obtained with neuroimaging diagnostic methods occurred with IMG.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The most frequently recorded ultrasound signs of dissections were the expansion of the vessel diameter and the presence of IMG, as well as their combination. The results of the study showed a high sensitivity of the ultrasound method in detecting dissections, especially in the subacute and chronic stages, as well as to determine the causes of ischemic stroke in the differential diagnosis of brachiocephalic artery pathologies.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>диссекция</kwd><kwd>ультразвуковые признаки</kwd><kwd>интрамуральная гематома</kwd><kwd>брахиоцефальные артерии</kwd><kwd>ишемический инсульт</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>dissection</kwd><kwd>ultrasound signs</kwd><kwd>intramural hematoma</kwd><kwd>brachiocephalic arteries</kwd><kwd>ischemic stroke</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках Государственного задания №388-00083-22-00 от 30.12.2021, регистрационный номер НИР 122022100113-7 от 21 февраля 2022 г.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Работа выполнена в рамках Государственного задания №388-00083-22-00 от 30.12.2021, регистрационный номер НИР 122022100113-7 от 21 февраля 2022 г.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pham M.H., Rahme R.J., Arnaout O. et al. Endovascular Stenting of Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Dissections: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Neurosurgery. 2011; 68 (4): 856–866. https://doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e318209ce03</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pham M.H., Rahme R.J., Arnaout O. et al. Endovascular Stenting of Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Dissections: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Neurosurgery. 2011; 68 (4): 856–866. https://doi.org/10.1227/neu.0b013e318209ce03</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Völker W., Besselmann M., Dittrich R. et al. Generalized arteriopathy in patients with cervical artery dissection. Neurology. 2005; 64 (9): 1508–1513. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000159739.24607.98</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Völker W., Besselmann M., Dittrich R. et al. Generalized arteriopathy in patients with cervical artery dissection. Neurology. 2005; 64 (9): 1508–1513. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000159739.24607.98</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gardner D.J., Gosink B.B., Kallman C.E. Internal carotid artery dissections: duplex ultrasound imaging. J. Ultrasound Med. 1991; 10 (11): 607–614. https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.1991.10.11.607</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gardner D.J., Gosink B.B., Kallman C.E. Internal carotid artery dissections: duplex ultrasound imaging. J. Ultrasound Med. 1991; 10 (11): 607–614. https://doi.org/10.7863/jum.1991.10.11.607</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nebelsieck J., Sengelhoff C., Nassenstein I. et al. Sensitivity of neurovascular ultrasound for the detection of spontaneous cervical artery dissection. J. Clin. Neurosci. 2009; 16 (1): 79–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2008.04.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nebelsieck J., Sengelhoff C., Nassenstein I. et al. Sensitivity of neurovascular ultrasound for the detection of spontaneous cervical artery dissection. J. Clin. Neurosci. 2009; 16 (1): 79–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2008.04.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang L., Ran H. Extracranial vertebral artery dissection. Medicine. 2018; 97 (9): e0067. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000010067</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang L., Ran H. Extracranial vertebral artery dissection. Medicine. 2018; 97 (9): e0067. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000010067</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калашникова Л.А., Добрынина Л.А., Чечеткин А.О., Древаль М.В., Кротенкова М.В., Захаркина М.В. Нарушения мозгового кровообращения при диссекции внутренней сонной и позвоночной артерий. Алгоритм диагностики. Нервные болезни. 2016. 2: 10–15.:</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalashnikova L.A., Dobry`nina L.A., Chechetkin A.O., Dreval` M.V. Disorders of cerebral circulation during dissection of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries. Diagnostic algorithm. (Narusheniya mozgovogo krovoobrashheniya pri dissekcii vnutrennej sonnoj i pozvonochnoj arterij. Algoritm diagnostiki). Nervny`e bolezni = Neurological diseases. 2016. 2: 10–15. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benninger D.H., Baumgartner R.W. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Cervical Artery Dissection. In: Handbook on Neurovascular Ultrasound. KARGER; 2006: 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1159/000092386</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benninger D.H., Baumgartner R.W. Ultrasound Diagnosis of Cervical Artery Dissection. In: Handbook on Neurovascular Ultrasound. KARGER; 2006: 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1159/000092386</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ben Hassen W., Machet A., Edjlali-Goujon M. et al. Imaging of cervical artery dissection. Diagn. Interv. Imaging. 2014; 95 (12): 1151–1161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2014.10.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ben Hassen W., Machet A., Edjlali-Goujon M. et al. Imaging of cervical artery dissection. Diagn. Interv. Imaging. 2014; 95 (12): 1151–1161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2014.10.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Petro G., Witwer G., Cacayorin E. et al. Spontaneous dissection of the cervical internal carotid artery: correlation of arteriography, CT, and pathology. Am. J. Roentgenol. 1987; 148 (2): 393–398. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.148.2.393</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Petro G., Witwer G., Cacayorin E. et al. Spontaneous dissection of the cervical internal carotid artery: correlation of arteriography, CT, and pathology. Am. J. Roentgenol. 1987; 148 (2): 393–398. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.148.2.393</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zuber M., Meary E., Meder J.F., Mas J.L. Magnetic resonance imaging and dynamic CT scan in cervical artery dissections. Stroke. 1994; 25 (3): 576–581. dhttps://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.25.3.576</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zuber M., Meary E., Meder J.F., Mas J.L. Magnetic resonance imaging and dynamic CT scan in cervical artery dissections. Stroke. 1994; 25 (3): 576–581. dhttps://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.25.3.576</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leclerc X., Godefroy O., Salhi A. et al. Helical CT for the Diagnosis of Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery Dissection. Stroke. 1996; 27 (3): 461–466. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.27.3.461</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leclerc X., Godefroy O., Salhi A. et al. Helical CT for the Diagnosis of Extracranial Internal Carotid Artery Dissection. Stroke. 1996; 27 (3): 461–466. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.27.3.461</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rodallec M.H., Marteau V., Gerber S. et al. Craniocervical Arterial Dissection: Spectrum of Imaging Findings and Differential Diagnosis. RadioGraphics. 2008; 28 (6): 1711–1728. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.286085512</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rodallec M.H., Marteau V., Gerber S. et al. Craniocervical Arterial Dissection: Spectrum of Imaging Findings and Differential Diagnosis. RadioGraphics. 2008; 28 (6): 1711–1728. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.286085512</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Benninger D.H., Georgiadis D., Gandjour J., Baumgartner R.W. Accuracy of Color Duplex Ultrasound Diagnosis of Spontaneous Carotid Dissection Causing Ischemia. Stroke. 2006; 37 (2): 377–381. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.0000198811.65068.16</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Benninger D.H., Georgiadis D., Gandjour J., Baumgartner R.W. Accuracy of Color Duplex Ultrasound Diagnosis of Spontaneous Carotid Dissection Causing Ischemia. Stroke. 2006; 37 (2): 377–381. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.0000198811.65068.16</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Калашникова Л.А., Добрынина Л.А., Максимова М.Ю., Танашян М.М., Данилова М.С., Древаль М.В. Диссекция внутренней сонной и позвоночной артерии: тактика ведения пациентов. Анналы клинической и экспериментальной неврологии. 2021; 15 (1): 5–11. https://doi.org/10.25692/ACEN.2021.1.1</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalashnikova L.A., Dobrynina L.A., Maksimova M.Yu., Tanashyan M.M., Danilova M.S. Dissection of the internal carotid and vertebral artery: management tactics (Dissekciya vnutrennej sonnoj i pozvonochnoj arterij: taktika vedeniya pacientov). Annaly` klinicheskoj i e`ksperimental`noj nevrologii = Annals of clinical and experimental neurology. 2021; 15 (1): 5–12. https://doi.org/10.25692/ACEN.2021.1.1 (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Clark M., Unnam S., Ghosh S. A review of carotid and vertebral artery dissection. Br. J. Hosp. Med. 2022; 83 (4): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2021.0421</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Clark M., Unnam S., Ghosh S. A review of carotid and vertebral artery dissection. Br. J. Hosp. Med. 2022; 83 (4): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2021.0421</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kirsch E., Kaim A., Engelter S. et al. MR angiography in internal carotid artery dissection: Improvement of diagnosis by selective demonstration of the intramural haematoma. Neuroradiology. 1998; 40 (11): 704–709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002340050668</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kirsch E., Kaim A., Engelter S. et al. MR angiography in internal carotid artery dissection: Improvement of diagnosis by selective demonstration of the intramural haematoma. Neuroradiology. 1998; 40 (11): 704–709. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002340050668</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Latchaw R.E., Albers S.L. Imaging the Cervical Vasculature. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2017; 59 (6): 555–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2017.05.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Latchaw R.E., Albers S.L. Imaging the Cervical Vasculature. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2017; 59 (6): 555–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2017.05.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shakir H.J., Davies J.M., Shallwani H. Carotid and Vertebral Dissection Imaging. Curr. Pain. Headache Rep. Published online 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-016-0593-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shakir H.J., Davies J.M., Shallwani H. Carotid and Vertebral Dissection Imaging. Curr. Pain. Headache Rep. Published online 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11916-016-0593-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Debette S., Compter A., Labeyrie M.A. et al. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of intracranial artery dissection. Lancet Neurol. 2015; 14 (6): 640–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00009-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Debette S., Compter A., Labeyrie M.A. et al. Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of intracranial artery dissection. Lancet Neurol. 2015; 14 (6): 640–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00009-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brott T.G., Halperin J.L., Abbara S. et al. 2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/ SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS Guideline on the Management of Patients With Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease: Executive Summary. Vascular Medicine. 2011; 16 (1): 35–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/1358863x11399328</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brott T.G., Halperin J.L., Abbara S. et al. 2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/ SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS Guideline on the Management of Patients With Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease: Executive Summary. Vascular Medicine. 2011; 16 (1): 35–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/1358863x11399328</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version). Cephalalgia. 2013; 33 (9): 629–808. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102413485658</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version). Cephalalgia. 2013; 33 (9): 629–808. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102413485658</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Provenzale J.M., Sarikaya B. Comparison of Test Performance Characteristics of MRI, MR Angiography, and CT Angiography in the Diagnosis of Carotid and Vertebral Artery Dissection: A Review of the Medical Literature. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2009; 193 (4): 1167–1174. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.08.1688</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Provenzale J.M., Sarikaya B. Comparison of Test Performance Characteristics of MRI, MR Angiography, and CT Angiography in the Diagnosis of Carotid and Vertebral Artery Dissection: A Review of the Medical Literature. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2009; 193 (4): 1167–1174. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.08.1688</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Elijovich L., Kazmi K., Gauvrit J.Y., Law M. The emerging role of multidetector row CT angiography in the diagnosis of cervical arterial dissection: preliminary study. Neuroradiology. 2006; 48 (9): 606–612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-006-0100-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Elijovich L., Kazmi K., Gauvrit J.Y., Law M. The emerging role of multidetector row CT angiography in the diagnosis of cervical arterial dissection: preliminary study. Neuroradiology. 2006; 48 (9): 606–612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-006-0100-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vertinsky A.T., Schwartz N.E., Fischbein N.J. et al. Comparison of Multidetector CT Angiography and MR Imaging of Cervical Artery Dissection. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2008; 29 (9): 1753–1760. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a1189</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vertinsky A.T., Schwartz N.E., Fischbein N.J. et al. Comparison of Multidetector CT Angiography and MR Imaging of Cervical Artery Dissection. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 2008; 29 (9): 1753–1760. https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.a1189</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lyrer P., Engelter S. Antithrombotic Drugs for Carotid Artery Dissection. Stroke. 2004; 35 (2): 613–614. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.0000112970.63735.fc</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lyrer P., Engelter S. Antithrombotic Drugs for Carotid Artery Dissection. Stroke. 2004; 35 (2): 613–614. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.str.0000112970.63735.fc</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru"></mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru"></mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
