medvisМедицинская визуализацияMedical Visualization1607-07632408-9516RDS-Media Ltd.10.24835/1607-0763-1198medvis-1331Research ArticleТЕХНОЛОГИИ ЛУЧЕВОЙ ДИАГНОСТИКИRADIOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGIESРоль ПЭТ/КТ в онкогинекологии (обзор литературы)The role of PET/CT in oncogynecology (literature review)https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7954-2560НиколаеваЕ. А.NikolaevaE. A.

Николаева Екатерина Андреевна – аспирант лаборатории радиоизотопной диагностики отдела радиоизотопной диагностики и терапии НИИ клинической и экспериментальной радиологии 

115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24;

125993 Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1

 тел.: +7-916-362-74-56 

Ekaterina A. Nikolaeva – PhD student

23, Kashirskoe shosse, Moscow 115478;

2/1 bld. 1, Barrikadnaya str., Moscow 125993

nikoka1901@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0001-9051-474XТарачковаЕ. В.TarachkovaE. V.

Тарачкова Елена Владимировна – канд. мед. наук, ассистент кафедры рентгенологии и радиологии

125993 Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1

Elena V. Tarachkova – Cand. of Sci. (Med.), Assistant of the Department of Radiology

2/1 bld. 1, Barrikadnaya str., Moscow 125993

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1334-6652ШейхЖ. В.SheikhZh. V.

Шейх Жанна Владимировна – доктор мед. наук, профессор кафедры рентгенологии и радиологии; профессор кафедры лучевой диагностики Медико-биологического университета инноваций и непрерывного образования; врач-рентгенолог

125993 Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1;123098 Москва, ул. Маршала Новикова, д. 23;125284 Москва, 2-й Боткинский пр-д, 5

Sheikh Zhanna – Doct. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Department of Radiology and Radiology; Professor of the Department of Radiation Diagnostics; radiologist

2/1 bld. 1, Barrikadnaya str., Moscow 125993;

23, Marshal Novikov str., Moscow 123098;

5, 2nd Botkinsky pr., Moscow 125284

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3931-1431ТюринИ. Е.TyurinI. E.

Тюрин Игорь Евгеньевич – доктор мед. наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой рентгенологии и радиологии; заместитель директора по научной работе НИИ клинической и экспериментальной радиологии

115478 Москва, Каширское шоссе, 24;

125993 Москва, ул. Баррикадная, д. 2/1, стр. 1

Igor E. Tyurin – Doct. of Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Radiology and Radiology; Deputy Director for Research Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Radiology

23, Kashirskoe shosse, Moscow 115478;

2/1 bld. 1, Barrikadnaya str., Moscow 125993

ФГБУ “Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина” Минздрава России; ФГБОУ ДПО “Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования” Минздрава РоссииРоссияN.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation; Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian FederationRussian FederationФГБОУ ДПО “Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования” Минздрава РоссииРоссияRussian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian FederationRussian FederationФГБОУ ДПО “Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования” Минздрава России; ФГБУ “Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации – Федеральный медицинский биофизический центр им. А.И. Бурназяна” Федерального медико-биологического агентства России; ГБУЗ города Москвы “Городская клиническая больница имени С.П. Боткина ДЗ города Москвы”РоссияRussian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation; Federal Medical Biophysical Center named after A.I. Burnazyan; S.P. Botkin City Clinical HospitalRussian Federation202308022023271145157Copyright © Николаева Е.А., Тарачкова Е.В., Шейх Ж.В., Тюрин И.Е., 20232023Николаева Е.А., Тарачкова Е.В., Шейх Ж.В., Тюрин И.Е.Nikolaeva E.A., Tarachkova E.V., Sheikh Z.V., Tyurin I.E.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://medvis.rdsmedia.ru/jour/article/view/1331

Цель исследования: рассмотреть современные возможности позитронно-эмиссионной томографии, совмещенной с компьютерной томографией (ПЭТ/КТ) с фтордезоксиглюкозой (ФДГ), в диагностике онкологических образований в гинекологии.Материал и методы. Поиск, отбор и оценка существующих зарубежных и отечественных исследований, включенных в рецензируемые базы E-library, PubMed, GoogleScholar, Scopus.Результаты. В статье обобщается существующая доказательная база для установления клинического значения и новых возможностей применения ПЭТ/КТ с ФДГ при распространенных гинекологических злокачественных новообразованиях.Заключение. Использование ПЭТ/КТ с ФДГ может оказать значительное влияние на ведение пациентов за счет улучшения стадирования рака, влияния на выбор пациентов для лечения и выявления раннего рецидива заболевания.

Purpose

Purpose: to consider the modern possibilities of positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET/CT) with FDG in the diagnosis of oncological formations in gynecology.

Materials and methods

Materials and methods. Search, selection and evaluation of existing foreign and domestic research included in the peer-reviewed E-library, PubMed, GoogleScholar, Scopus.

Results

Results. This article summarizes the existing evidence base to establish the clinical relevance and new possibilities for the use of FDG PET/CT in common gynecological malignancies.

Conclusion

Conclusion. The use of FDG PET/CT can have a significant impact on patient management by improving cancer staging, influencing patient choice for treatment, and detecting early disease recurrence.

рак шейки маткигинекологическая онкологиярак яичниковрак маткирак вульвыПЭТ/КТcervical cancergynecological oncologyovarian canceruterine cancervulvar cancerPET/CTReferencesLerman H., Metser U., Grisaru D. et al. Normal and abnormal 18 F-FDG endometrial and ovarian uptake in pre- and postmenopausal patients: assessment by PET/CT. J. Nucl. Med. 2004; 45 (2): 266–271. PMID: 14960646.1Lerman H., Metser U., Grisaru D. et al. Normal and abnormal 18 F-FDG endometrial and ovarian uptake in pre- and postmenopausal patients: assessment by PET/CT. J. Nucl. Med. 2004; 45 (2): 266–271. PMID: 14960646.1Kim T.H., Kim M.R., Jung Y., An Y.S. Relationship between sex hormones levels and 18 F-FDG uptake by the ovaries in premenopausal woman. Radiol. Oncol. 2019; 53 (3): 293–299. http://doi.org/10.2478/raon-2019-0035Kim T.H., Kim M.R., Jung Y., An Y.S. Relationship between sex hormones levels and 18 F-FDG uptake by the ovaries in premenopausal woman. Radiol. Oncol. 2019; 53 (3): 293–299. http://doi.org/10.2478/raon-2019-0035Burger I.A., Scheiner D.A., Crook D.W. et al. FDG uptake in vaginal tampons is caused by urinary contamination and related to tampon position. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2011; 38 (1): 90–96. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-010-1618-7Burger I.A., Scheiner D.A., Crook D.W. et al. FDG uptake in vaginal tampons is caused by urinary contamination and related to tampon position. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2011; 38 (1): 90–96. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-010-1618-7Najmabadi S., Schliep K.C., Simonsen S.E. et al. Menstrual bleeding, cycle length, and follicular and luteal phase lengths in women without known subfertility: A pooled analysis of three cohorts. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 2020; 34 (3): 318–327. http://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12644Najmabadi S., Schliep K.C., Simonsen S.E. et al. Menstrual bleeding, cycle length, and follicular and luteal phase lengths in women without known subfertility: A pooled analysis of three cohorts. Paediatr. Perinat. Epidemiol. 2020; 34 (3): 318–327. http://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12644Nishizawa S., Inubushi M., Okada H. Physiological 18 F-FDG uptake in the ovaries and uterus of healthy female volunteers. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2005; 32 (5): 549–556. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-004-1703-xNishizawa S., Inubushi M., Okada H. Physiological 18 F-FDG uptake in the ovaries and uterus of healthy female volunteers. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2005; 32 (5): 549–556. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-004-1703-xCostescu D., Chawla R., Hughes R. et al. Discontinuation rates of intrauterine contraception due to unfavourable bleeding: a systematic review. BMC Womens Health. 2022; 22 (1): 82. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01657-6Costescu D., Chawla R., Hughes R. et al. Discontinuation rates of intrauterine contraception due to unfavourable bleeding: a systematic review. BMC Womens Health. 2022; 22 (1): 82. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12905-022-01657-6Sosna J., Chisin R., Klein M. FDG positron emission tomographic imaging of the effect of an intrauterine device. Clin. Nucl. Med. 2002; 27 (2): 128–129. http://doi.org/10.1097/00003072-200202000-00011Sosna J., Chisin R., Klein M. FDG positron emission tomographic imaging of the effect of an intrauterine device. Clin. Nucl. Med. 2002; 27 (2): 128–129. http://doi.org/10.1097/00003072-200202000-00011Gold E.B., Crawford S.L., Avis N.E. et al. Factors related to age at natural menopause: longitudinal analyses from SWAN. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2013; 178 (1): 70–83. http://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kws421Gold E.B., Crawford S.L., Avis N.E. et al. Factors related to age at natural menopause: longitudinal analyses from SWAN. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2013; 178 (1): 70–83. http://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kws421Gill M.M., Sia W., Hoskinson M. et al. The use of PET/CT in pregnancy: A case report of malignant parathyroid carcinoma and a review of the literature. Obstet. Med. 2018; 11 (1): 45–49. http://doi.org/10.1177/1753495X17724950Gill M.M., Sia W., Hoskinson M. et al. The use of PET/CT in pregnancy: A case report of malignant parathyroid carcinoma and a review of the literature. Obstet. Med. 2018; 11 (1): 45–49. http://doi.org/10.1177/1753495X17724950Hsieh T.C., Wu Y.C., Sun S.S. et al. FDG PET/CT of a late-term pregnant woman with breast cancer. Clin. Nucl. Med. 2012; 37 (5): 489–491. http://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0b013e3182478a91Hsieh T.C., Wu Y.C., Sun S.S. et al. FDG PET/CT of a late-term pregnant woman with breast cancer. Clin. Nucl. Med. 2012; 37 (5): 489–491. http://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0b013e3182478a91Lin E. FDG PET appearance of a postpartum uterus. Clin. Nucl. Med. 2006; 31 (3): 159–160. http://doi.org/10.1097/01.rlu.0000200726.93779.d9Lin E. FDG PET appearance of a postpartum uterus. Clin. Nucl. Med. 2006; 31 (3): 159–160. http://doi.org/10.1097/01.rlu.0000200726.93779.d9Williams A.R.W. Uterine fibroids – what's new? F1000Res. 2017; 6: 2109. Published 2017 Dec 7. http://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12172.1Williams A.R.W. Uterine fibroids – what's new? F1000Res. 2017; 6: 2109. Published 2017 Dec 7. http://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12172.1Kitajima K., Murakami K., Kaji Y., Sugimura K. Spectrum of FDG PET/CT findings of uterine tumors. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2010; 195 (3): 737–743. http://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.09.4074Kitajima K., Murakami K., Kaji Y., Sugimura K. Spectrum of FDG PET/CT findings of uterine tumors. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2010; 195 (3): 737–743. http://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.09.4074Pencharz D., Nathan M., Wagner T.L. Evidence-based management of incidental focal uptake of fluoro-deoxyglucose on PET-CT. Br. J. Radiol. 2018; 91 (1084): 20170774. http://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20170774Pencharz D., Nathan M., Wagner T.L. Evidence-based management of incidental focal uptake of fluoro-deoxyglucose on PET-CT. Br. J. Radiol. 2018; 91 (1084): 20170774. http://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20170774Kusunoki S., Terao Y., Ujihira T. et al. Efficacy of PET/CT to exclude leiomyoma in patients with lesions suspicious for uterine sarcoma on MRI. Taiwan J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2017; 56 (4): 508–513. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjog.2017.05.003Kusunoki S., Terao Y., Ujihira T. et al. Efficacy of PET/CT to exclude leiomyoma in patients with lesions suspicious for uterine sarcoma on MRI. Taiwan J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2017; 56 (4): 508–513. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjog.2017.05.003Miccò M., Sala E., Lakhman Y. et al. Imaging Features of Uncommon Gynecologic Cancers. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2015; 205 (6): 1346–1359. http://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.14.12695Miccò M., Sala E., Lakhman Y. et al. Imaging Features of Uncommon Gynecologic Cancers. Am. J. Roentgenol. 2015; 205 (6): 1346–1359. http://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.14.12695Asano H., Isoe T., Ito YM. et al. Status of the Current Treatment Options and Potential Future Targets in Uterine Leiomyosarcoma: A Review. Cancers (Basel). 2022; 14 (5): 1180. http://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14051180Asano H., Isoe T., Ito YM. et al. Status of the Current Treatment Options and Potential Future Targets in Uterine Leiomyosarcoma: A Review. Cancers (Basel). 2022; 14 (5): 1180. http://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14051180Choi I.H, Jin S.Y., Jeen Y.M. et al. Tamoxifen-associated polypoid endometriosis mimicking an ovarian neoplasm. Obstet. Gynecol. Sci. 2015; 58 (4): 327–330. http://doi.org/10.5468/ogs.2015.58.4.327Choi I.H, Jin S.Y., Jeen Y.M. et al. Tamoxifen-associated polypoid endometriosis mimicking an ovarian neoplasm. Obstet. Gynecol. Sci. 2015; 58 (4): 327–330. http://doi.org/10.5468/ogs.2015.58.4.327Garcia L., Isaacson K. Adenomyosis: review of the literature. J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol. 2011; 18 (4): 428–437. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2011.04.004Garcia L., Isaacson K. Adenomyosis: review of the literature. J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol. 2011; 18 (4): 428–437. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmig.2011.04.004Yu J.I., Huh S.J., Kim Y.I. et al. Variable uterine uptake of FDG in adenomyosis during concurrent chemoradiation therapy for cervical cancer. Radiat. Oncol. J. 2011; 29 (3): 214–217. http://doi.org/10.3857/roj.2011.29.3.214Yu J.I., Huh S.J., Kim Y.I. et al. Variable uterine uptake of FDG in adenomyosis during concurrent chemoradiation therapy for cervical cancer. Radiat. Oncol. J. 2011; 29 (3): 214–217. http://doi.org/10.3857/roj.2011.29.3.214Sobczuk K., Sobczuk A. New classification system of endometrial hyperplasia WHO 2014 and its clinical implications. Prz. Menopauzalny. 2017; 16 (3): 107–111. http://doi.org/10.5114/pm.2017.70589Sobczuk K., Sobczuk A. New classification system of endometrial hyperplasia WHO 2014 and its clinical implications. Prz. Menopauzalny. 2017; 16 (3): 107–111. http://doi.org/10.5114/pm.2017.70589MacLean J.A. 2nd, Hayashi K. Progesterone Actions and Resistance in Gynecological Disorders. Cells. 2022; 11 (4): 647. http://doi.org/10.3390/cells11040647MacLean J.A. 2nd, Hayashi K. Progesterone Actions and Resistance in Gynecological Disorders. Cells. 2022; 11 (4): 647. http://doi.org/10.3390/cells11040647Tsujikawa T., Okazawa H., Yoshida Y. et al. Distinctive FDG and FES accumulation pattern of two tamoxifen-treated patients with endometrial hyperplasia. Ann. Nucl. Med. 2008; 22 (1): 73–77. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12149-007-0075-2Tsujikawa T., Okazawa H., Yoshida Y. et al. Distinctive FDG and FES accumulation pattern of two tamoxifen-treated patients with endometrial hyperplasia. Ann. Nucl. Med. 2008; 22 (1): 73–77. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12149-007-0075-2Arbyn M., Weiderpass E., Bruni L. et al. Estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2018: a worldwide analysis. Lancet Glob. Health. 2020; 8 (2): e191–e203. http://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30482-6. Epub 2019 Dec 4. Erratum in: Lancet Glob Health. 2022 Jan; 10 (1): e41.Arbyn M., Weiderpass E., Bruni L. et al. Estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2018: a worldwide analysis. Lancet Glob. Health. 2020; 8 (2): e191–e203. http://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30482-6. Epub 2019 Dec 4. Erratum in: Lancet Glob Health. 2022 Jan; 10 (1): e41.Guimarães Y.M., Godoy L.R., Longatto-Filho A., Reis R.D. Management of Early-Stage Cervical Cancer: A Literature Review. Cancers (Basel). 2022; 14 (3): 575. http://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14030575Guimarães Y.M., Godoy L.R., Longatto-Filho A., Reis R.D. Management of Early-Stage Cervical Cancer: A Literature Review. Cancers (Basel). 2022; 14 (3): 575. http://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14030575Kidd E.A., Spencer C.R., Huettner P.C. et al. Cervical cancer histology and tumor differentiation affect 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake. Cancer. 2009; 115 (15): 3548–3554. http://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.24400Kidd E.A., Spencer C.R., Huettner P.C. et al. Cervical cancer histology and tumor differentiation affect 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake. Cancer. 2009; 115 (15): 3548–3554. http://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.24400Sharp H.J., Pinnix C.C., Jhingran A. et al. PET/CT in a patient with adenoma malignum of the uterine cervix. Clin. Nucl. Med. 2011; 36 (6): 468–469. http://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0b013e31820aa346Sharp H.J., Pinnix C.C., Jhingran A. et al. PET/CT in a patient with adenoma malignum of the uterine cervix. Clin. Nucl. Med. 2011; 36 (6): 468–469. http://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0b013e31820aa346Wildenberg J.C., Yam B.L., Langer J.E., Jones L.P. US of the Nongravid Cervix with Multimodality Imaging Correlation: Normal Appearance, Pathologic Conditions, and Diagnostic Pitfalls. Radiographics. 2016; 36 (2): 596–617. http://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2016150155Wildenberg J.C., Yam B.L., Langer J.E., Jones L.P. US of the Nongravid Cervix with Multimodality Imaging Correlation: Normal Appearance, Pathologic Conditions, and Diagnostic Pitfalls. Radiographics. 2016; 36 (2): 596–617. http://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2016150155Ferrari F., Forte S., Valenti G. et al. Current Treatment Options for Cervical Leiomyomas: A Systematic Review of Literature. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021; 57 (2): 92. http://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57020092Ferrari F., Forte S., Valenti G. et al. Current Treatment Options for Cervical Leiomyomas: A Systematic Review of Literature. Medicina (Kaunas). 2021; 57 (2): 92. http://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57020092Sung H., Ferlay J., Siegel R.L. et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2021; 71 (3): 209–249. http://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660Sung H., Ferlay J., Siegel R.L. et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2021; 71 (3): 209–249. http://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660Heintz A.P., Odicino F., Maisonneuve P. et al. Carcinoma of the ovary. FIGO 26th Annual Report on the Results of Treatment in Gynecological Cancer. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 2006; 95, Suppl. 1: S161–192. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(06)60033-7Heintz A.P., Odicino F., Maisonneuve P. et al. Carcinoma of the ovary. FIGO 26th Annual Report on the Results of Treatment in Gynecological Cancer. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 2006; 95, Suppl. 1: S161–192. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7292(06)60033-7Avesani G., Caliolo G., Gui B. et al. Pearls and Potential Pitfalls for Correct Diagnosis of Ovarian Cystadenofibroma in MRI: A Pictorial Essay. Korean J. Radiol. 2021; 22 (11): 1809–1821. http://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2020.1312Avesani G., Caliolo G., Gui B. et al. Pearls and Potential Pitfalls for Correct Diagnosis of Ovarian Cystadenofibroma in MRI: A Pictorial Essay. Korean J. Radiol. 2021; 22 (11): 1809–1821. http://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2020.1312Hu X., Li D., Liang Z. et al. Indirect comparison of the diagnostic performance of 18 F-FDG PET/CT and MRI in differentiating benign and malignant ovarian or adnexal tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. 2021; 21 (1): 1080. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-08815-3Hu X., Li D., Liang Z. et al. Indirect comparison of the diagnostic performance of 18 F-FDG PET/CT and MRI in differentiating benign and malignant ovarian or adnexal tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Cancer. 2021; 21 (1): 1080. http://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-08815-3Li J., Yan R., Lei J., Jiang C. Comparison of PET with PET/CT in detecting peritoneal carcinomatosis: a meta-analysis. Abdom. Imaging. 2015; 40 (7): 2660–2666. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-015-0418-8Li J., Yan R., Lei J., Jiang C. Comparison of PET with PET/CT in detecting peritoneal carcinomatosis: a meta-analysis. Abdom. Imaging. 2015; 40 (7): 2660–2666. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-015-0418-8Prat J. Ovarian carcinomas: five distinct diseases with different origins, genetic alterations, and clinico pathological features. Virchows. Arch. 2012; 460 (3): 237–249. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-012-1203-5Prat J. Ovarian carcinomas: five distinct diseases with different origins, genetic alterations, and clinico pathological features. Virchows. Arch. 2012; 460 (3): 237–249. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-012-1203-5Delgado Bolton R.C., Aide N., Colletti P.M. et al. EANM guideline on the role of 2-[ 18 F]FDG PET/CT in diagnosis, staging, prognostic value, therapy assessment and restaging of ovarian cancer, endorsed by the American College of Nuclear Medicine (ACNM), the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2021; 48 (10): 3286–3302. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05450-9Delgado Bolton R.C., Aide N., Colletti P.M. et al. EANM guideline on the role of 2-[ 18 F]FDG PET/CT in diagnosis, staging, prognostic value, therapy assessment and restaging of ovarian cancer, endorsed by the American College of Nuclear Medicine (ACNM), the Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging (SNMMI) and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging. 2021; 48 (10): 3286–3302. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-021-05450-9Shepherd T.G., Dick F.A. Principles of dormancy evident in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Cell. Div. 2022; 17 (1): 2. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13008-022-00079-yShepherd T.G., Dick F.A. Principles of dormancy evident in high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Cell. Div. 2022; 17 (1): 2. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13008-022-00079-yCampos N.M.F., Almeida V., Curvo Semedo L. Peritoneal disease: key imaging findings that help in the differential diagnosis. Br. J. Radiol. 2022; 95 (1130): 20210346. http://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20210346Campos N.M.F., Almeida V., Curvo Semedo L. Peritoneal disease: key imaging findings that help in the differential diagnosis. Br. J. Radiol. 2022; 95 (1130): 20210346. http://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20210346Sanli Y., Turkmen C., Bakir B. et al. Diagnostic value of PET/CT is similar to that of conventional MRI and even better for detecting small peritoneal implants in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Nucl. Med. Commun. 2012; 33 (5): 509–515. http://doi.org/10.1097/MNM.0b013e32834fc5bfSanli Y., Turkmen C., Bakir B. et al. Diagnostic value of PET/CT is similar to that of conventional MRI and even better for detecting small peritoneal implants in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. Nucl. Med. Commun. 2012; 33 (5): 509–515. http://doi.org/10.1097/MNM.0b013e32834fc5bfYilmaz M.T., Gurlek E., Gultekin M. et al. Ovarian Carcinoma Presenting With a Large Cervical Mass. Cureus. 2022; 14 (1): e20994. http://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.20994Yilmaz M.T., Gurlek E., Gultekin M. et al. Ovarian Carcinoma Presenting With a Large Cervical Mass. Cureus. 2022; 14 (1): e20994. http://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.20994van 't Sant I., Engbersen M.P., Bhairosing P.A. et al. Diagnostic performance of imaging for the detection of peritoneal metastases: a meta-analysis. Eur. Radiol. 2020; 30 (6): 3101–3112. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-019-06524-xvan 't Sant I., Engbersen M.P., Bhairosing P.A. et al. Diagnostic performance of imaging for the detection of peritoneal metastases: a meta-analysis. Eur. Radiol. 2020; 30 (6): 3101–3112. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-019-06524-xRangan K., Ora M., Israrahmed A., Gambhir S. Krukenburg Tumors Arising from Rare Primary Sites: Role of 18 F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography/ Computed Tomography in Management and Outcome. Indian J. Nucl. Med. 2019; 34 (4): 302–306. http://doi.org/10.4103/ijnm.IJNM_86_19Rangan K., Ora M., Israrahmed A., Gambhir S. Krukenburg Tumors Arising from Rare Primary Sites: Role of 18 F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron Emission Tomography/ Computed Tomography in Management and Outcome. Indian J. Nucl. Med. 2019; 34 (4): 302–306. http://doi.org/10.4103/ijnm.IJNM_86_19McCluggage W.G. The pathology of and controversial aspects of ovarian borderline tumours. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 2010; 22 (5): 462–472. http://doi.org/10.1097/CCO.0b013e32833b0dc1McCluggage W.G. The pathology of and controversial aspects of ovarian borderline tumours. Curr. Opin. Oncol. 2010; 22 (5): 462–472. http://doi.org/10.1097/CCO.0b013e32833b0dc1Nusbaum D.J., Mandelbaum R.S., Machida H. et al. Significance of lymph node ratio on survival of women with borderline ovarian tumors. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 2020; 301 (5): 1289–1298. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-020-05535-0Nusbaum D.J., Mandelbaum R.S., Machida H. et al. Significance of lymph node ratio on survival of women with borderline ovarian tumors. Arch. Gynecol. Obstet. 2020; 301 (5): 1289–1298. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-020-05535-0Oral E., Aydin O., Kumbak B.A. et al. Concomitant endometriosis in malignant and borderline ovarian tumours. J. Obstet Gynaecol. 2018; 38 (8): 1104–1109. http://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2018.1441815Oral E., Aydin O., Kumbak B.A. et al. Concomitant endometriosis in malignant and borderline ovarian tumours. J. Obstet Gynaecol. 2018; 38 (8): 1104–1109. http://doi.org/10.1080/01443615.2018.1441815Barlow E.L., Kang Y.J., Hacker N.F., Canfell K. Changing Trends in Vulvar Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates in Australia Since 1982. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer. 2015; 25 (9): 1683–1689. http://doi.org/10.1097/IGC.0000000000000547Barlow E.L., Kang Y.J., Hacker N.F., Canfell K. Changing Trends in Vulvar Cancer Incidence and Mortality Rates in Australia Since 1982. Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer. 2015; 25 (9): 1683–1689. http://doi.org/10.1097/IGC.0000000000000547Matsutani H., Nakai G., Yamada T. et al. MRI and FDG PET/ CT Findings for Borderline Brenner Tumor of the Ovary: A Case Report and Literature Review. Case Rep. Obstet Gynecol. 2020; 2020: 8878649. http://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8878649Matsutani H., Nakai G., Yamada T. et al. MRI and FDG PET/ CT Findings for Borderline Brenner Tumor of the Ovary: A Case Report and Literature Review. Case Rep. Obstet Gynecol. 2020; 2020: 8878649. http://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8878649Mishra T.S., Jena S.K., Kumari S. et al. Cecal dermoid masquerading dermoid cyst of ovary: a case report and review of the literature. J. Med. Case Rep. 2021; 15 (1): 38. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-020-02570-yMishra T.S., Jena S.K., Kumari S. et al. Cecal dermoid masquerading dermoid cyst of ovary: a case report and review of the literature. J. Med. Case Rep. 2021; 15 (1): 38. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13256-020-02570-yYokoyama T., Takehara K., Yamamoto Y. et al. The usefulness of 18 F-FDG-PET/CT in discriminating benign from malignant ovarian teratomas. Int. J. Clin. Oncol. 2015; 20 (5): 960–966. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-015-0800-0Yokoyama T., Takehara K., Yamamoto Y. et al. The usefulness of 18 F-FDG-PET/CT in discriminating benign from malignant ovarian teratomas. Int. J. Clin. Oncol. 2015; 20 (5): 960–966. http://doi.org/10.1007/s10147-015-0800-0Liang L., Zhang Y., Malpica A. et al. Gliomatosis peritonei: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 21 cases. Mod. Pathol. 2015; 28 (12): 1613–1620. http://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2015.116Liang L., Zhang Y., Malpica A. et al. Gliomatosis peritonei: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 21 cases. Mod. Pathol. 2015; 28 (12): 1613–1620. http://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2015.116Young R.H. Ovarian sex cord-stromal tumours and their mimics. Pathology. 2018; 50 (1): 5–15. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathol.2017.09.007Young R.H. Ovarian sex cord-stromal tumours and their mimics. Pathology. 2018; 50 (1): 5–15. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathol.2017.09.007Elsherif S., Bourne M., Soule E. et al. Multimodality imaging and genomics of granulosa cell tumors. Abdom. Radiol (NY). 2020; 45 (3): 812–827. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-019-02172-3Elsherif S., Bourne M., Soule E. et al. Multimodality imaging and genomics of granulosa cell tumors. Abdom. Radiol (NY). 2020; 45 (3): 812–827. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-019-02172-3Zhang J.J., Cao D.Y., Yang J.X., Shen K. Ovarian metastasis from nongynecologic primary sites: a retrospective analysis of 177 cases and 13-year experience. J. Ovarian Res. 2020; 13 (1): 128. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-020-00714-8Zhang J.J., Cao D.Y., Yang J.X., Shen K. Ovarian metastasis from nongynecologic primary sites: a retrospective analysis of 177 cases and 13-year experience. J. Ovarian Res. 2020; 13 (1): 128. http://doi.org/10.1186/s13048-020-00714-8Bennett J.A., Young R.H., Chuang A.Y., Lerwill M.F. Ovarian Metastases of Breast Cancers With Signet Ring Cells: A Report of 17 Cases Including 14 Krukenberg Tumors. Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. 2018; 37 (6): 507–515. http://doi.org/10.1097/PGP.0000000000000462Bennett J.A., Young R.H., Chuang A.Y., Lerwill M.F. Ovarian Metastases of Breast Cancers With Signet Ring Cells: A Report of 17 Cases Including 14 Krukenberg Tumors. Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol. 2018; 37 (6): 507–515. http://doi.org/10.1097/PGP.0000000000000462Adams T.S., Cuello M.A. Cancer of the vagina. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 2018; 143, Suppl. 2: 14–21. http://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12610Adams T.S., Cuello M.A. Cancer of the vagina. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 2018; 143, Suppl. 2: 14–21. http://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.12610Salem A.E., Fine G.C., Covington M.F. et al. PET-CT in Clinical Adult Oncology-IV. Gynecologic and Genitourinary Malignancies. Cancers (Basel). 2022; 14 (12): 3000. http://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14123000Salem A.E., Fine G.C., Covington M.F. et al. PET-CT in Clinical Adult Oncology-IV. Gynecologic and Genitourinary Malignancies. Cancers (Basel). 2022; 14 (12): 3000. http://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14123000Chow L., Tsui B.Q., Bahrami S. et al. Gynecologic tumor board: a radiologist's guide to vulvar and vaginal malignancies. Abdom. Radiol. (NY). 2021; 46 (12): 5669–5686. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-021-03209-2Chow L., Tsui B.Q., Bahrami S. et al. Gynecologic tumor board: a radiologist's guide to vulvar and vaginal malignancies. Abdom. Radiol. (NY). 2021; 46 (12): 5669–5686. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-021-03209-2Bucchi L., Pizzato M., Rosso S., Ferretti S. New Insights into the Epidemiology of Vulvar Cancer: Systematic Literature Review for an Update of Incidence and Risk Factors. Cancers (Basel). 2022; 14 (2): 389. http://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14020389Bucchi L., Pizzato M., Rosso S., Ferretti S. New Insights into the Epidemiology of Vulvar Cancer: Systematic Literature Review for an Update of Incidence and Risk Factors. Cancers (Basel). 2022; 14 (2): 389. http://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14020389Omole F., Simmons B.J., Hacker Y. Management of Bartholin's duct cyst and gland abscess. Am. Fam. Physician. 2003; 68 (1): 135–140. PMID: 12887119Omole F., Simmons B.J., Hacker Y. Management of Bartholin's duct cyst and gland abscess. Am. Fam. Physician. 2003; 68 (1): 135–140. PMID: 12887119Shafrir A.L., Farland L.V., Shah D.K. et al. Risk for and consequences of endometriosis: A critical epidemiologic review. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet Gynaecol. 2018; 51: 1–15. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2018.06.001Shafrir A.L., Farland L.V., Shah D.K. et al. Risk for and consequences of endometriosis: A critical epidemiologic review. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet Gynaecol. 2018; 51: 1–15. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2018.06.001Balogova S., Daraï E., Noskovicova L. et al. Interference of Known or Suspected Endometriosis in Reporting FDG PET/CT Performed in Another Indication. Clin. Nucl. Med. 2022; 47 (4): 305–313. http://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000004049Balogova S., Daraï E., Noskovicova L. et al. Interference of Known or Suspected Endometriosis in Reporting FDG PET/CT Performed in Another Indication. Clin. Nucl. Med. 2022; 47 (4): 305–313. http://doi.org/10.1097/RLU.0000000000004049Hirsch M., Duffy J., Davis C.J. et al.; International Collaboration to Harmonise Outcomes and Measures for Endometriosis. Diagnostic accuracy of cancer antigen 125 for endometriosis: a systematic review and metaanalysis. BJOG. 2016; 123 (11): 1761–1768. http://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.14055Hirsch M., Duffy J., Davis C.J. et al.; International Collaboration to Harmonise Outcomes and Measures for Endometriosis. Diagnostic accuracy of cancer antigen 125 for endometriosis: a systematic review and metaanalysis. BJOG. 2016; 123 (11): 1761–1768. http://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.14055Sadowski E.A., Pirasteh A., McMillan A.B. et al. PET/MR imaging in gynecologic cancer: tips for differentiating normal gynecologic anatomy and benign pathology versus cancer. Abdom. Radiol. (NY). 2021. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-021-03264-9. Epub ahead of printSadowski E.A., Pirasteh A., McMillan A.B. et al. PET/MR imaging in gynecologic cancer: tips for differentiating normal gynecologic anatomy and benign pathology versus cancer. Abdom. Radiol. (NY). 2021. http://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-021-03264-9. Epub ahead of printGarg G., Benchekroun M.T., Abraham T. FDG-PET/CT in the Postoperative Period: Utility, Expected Findings, Complications, and Pitfalls. Semin. Nucl. Med. 2017; 47 (6): 579–594. http://doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2017.07.005Garg G., Benchekroun M.T., Abraham T. FDG-PET/CT in the Postoperative Period: Utility, Expected Findings, Complications, and Pitfalls. Semin. Nucl. Med. 2017; 47 (6): 579–594. http://doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2017.07.005van Kol K., Ebisch R., Piek J. et al. Adjuvant Hysterectomy for Cervical Cancer Patients Treated with Chemoradiation Therapy: A Systematic Review on the Pathology-Proven Residual Disease Rate. Cancers (Basel). 2021; 13 (24): 6190. http://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13246190van Kol K., Ebisch R., Piek J. et al. Adjuvant Hysterectomy for Cervical Cancer Patients Treated with Chemoradiation Therapy: A Systematic Review on the Pathology-Proven Residual Disease Rate. Cancers (Basel). 2021; 13 (24): 6190. http://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13246190Brunham R.C., Gottlieb S.L., Paavonen J. Pelvic inflammatory disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015; 372 (21): 2039–2048. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1411426Brunham R.C., Gottlieb S.L., Paavonen J. Pelvic inflammatory disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2015; 372 (21): 2039–2048. http://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1411426Revzin M.V., Mathur M., Dave H.B. et al. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Multimodality Imaging Approach with Clinical-Pathologic Correlation. Radiographics. 2016; 36 (5): 1579–1596. http://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2016150202Revzin M.V., Mathur M., Dave H.B. et al. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Multimodality Imaging Approach with Clinical-Pathologic Correlation. Radiographics. 2016; 36 (5): 1579–1596. http://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2016150202Drayer S.M., Shank J.J. Infectious diseases mimicking ovarian carcinomatosis. Gynecol. Oncol. Rep. 2018; 26: 29–31. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gore.2018.08.008Drayer S.M., Shank J.J. Infectious diseases mimicking ovarian carcinomatosis. Gynecol. Oncol. Rep. 2018; 26: 29–31. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.gore.2018.08.008Sharma J.B., Karmakar D., Kumar R. et al. Comparison of PET/CT with other imaging modalities in women with genital tuberculosis. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 2012; 118 (2): 123–128. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.02.020Sharma J.B., Karmakar D., Kumar R. et al. Comparison of PET/CT with other imaging modalities in women with genital tuberculosis. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 2012; 118 (2): 123–128. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijgo.2012.02.020Dejanović D., Ahnlide J.A., Nilsson C. et al. Pelvic Actinomycosis Associated with an Intrauterine Contraceptive Device Demonstrated on F-18 FDG PET/ CT. Diagnostics (Basel). 2015; 5 (3): 369–371. http://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics5030369Dejanović D., Ahnlide J.A., Nilsson C. et al. Pelvic Actinomycosis Associated with an Intrauterine Contraceptive Device Demonstrated on F-18 FDG PET/ CT. Diagnostics (Basel). 2015; 5 (3): 369–371. http://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics5030369Eskarous H., Pingili A., Venugopal D. Abdominal actinomycosis mimicking malignancy: A case report. IDCases. 2021; 25: e01252. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01252Eskarous H., Pingili A., Venugopal D. Abdominal actinomycosis mimicking malignancy: A case report. IDCases. 2021; 25: e01252. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01252Epifani A.G., Cassini D., Cirocchi R. et al. Right sided diverticulitis in western countries: A review. Wld J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2021; 13 (12): 1721–1735. http://doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v13.i12.1721Epifani A.G., Cassini D., Cirocchi R. et al. Right sided diverticulitis in western countries: A review. Wld J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2021; 13 (12): 1721–1735. http://doi.org/10.4240/wjgs.v13.i12.1721

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.